诊断

如果您出现 2019 冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的症状并曾暴露于 COVID-19 病毒,请联系医务人员。另外,如果您曾与 COVID-19 确诊患者有过密切接触,也请告知医务人员。

根据您居住的地区,决定您是否需要接受 COVID-19 病毒检测的考虑因素会有差异。根据您的所在地,诊所可能需要对您进行筛查,以决定是否有必要和有条件进行检测。

在美国,医务人员将根据您的症状和体征,以及您是否与 COVID-19 确诊患者有过密切接触来决定是否对您进行 COVID-19 检测。如果您发生严重疾病的风险较高或您将接受医疗程序,医务人员也可能会考虑对您进行检测。如果您与 COVID-19 患者有过密切接触,且您在过去一个月内曾感染过 COVID-19,则无需进行检测。如果您已完成全程疫苗接种,但与 COVID-19 患者有过密切接触,请在接触后 5 天进行检测。

医务人员从鼻腔(鼻咽拭子)、咽喉(咽拭子)或唾液采集样本,以进行 COVID-19 病毒检测。样本随后被送到实验室进行检测。如果您咳嗽有痰,可能会将痰液送去检测。FDA 已批准 COVID-19 病毒的居家检测。这些检测只能凭医生处方获得。

治疗

目前,只有一种药物获批用于治疗 COVID-19COVID-19 现无治愈方法。抗生素对 COVID-19 等病毒感染不起作用。研究人员正在测试各种可能的治疗方法。

FDA 现已批准使用抗病毒药物瑞德西韦(Veklury)对住院成人和 12 岁及以上儿童进行 COVID-19 治疗。对于需要辅助供氧或患重症风险较高的 COVID-19 住院患者,可为其开具瑞德西韦。此药物通过皮肤注射(静脉)给药。

FDA 已授权使用一种名为 Paxlovid 的药物,其中含有奈玛特韦(阻断 COVID-19 致病病毒复制所需要的特异酶活性的药物)和利托那韦(帮助减缓奈玛特韦分解的抗病毒药物)。Paxlovid 获准用于治疗 12 岁及以上且患重症风险较高的轻度至中度 COVID-19 患者。这些药物为口服药片。

FDA 已批准另一种名为莫努匹韦的药物用于治疗患重症风险较高且无法采用其他治疗方案的轻度至中度 COVID-19 成人患者。该药物为口服药片。

FDA 已批准治疗类风湿关节炎的药物巴瑞替尼(Olumiant)在某些情况下用于治疗 COVID-19。巴瑞替尼药片似乎是通过减轻炎症和发挥抗病毒活性来对抗 COVID-19。巴瑞替尼可用于正在使用机械呼吸机或需要辅助供氧的 COVID-19 住院患者。

美国国立卫生研究院推荐使用皮质类固醇地塞米松治疗正在接受辅助供氧或需要机械通气的 COVID-19 重症患者。如果没有地塞米松,可使用其他皮质类固醇,如泼尼松、甲泼尼龙或氢化可的松。

在某些情况下,对于正在接受机械通气或需要辅助供氧的住院患者,瑞德西韦、托珠单抗或巴瑞替尼可与地塞米松联用。

FDA 也已批准使用高抗体水平的恢复期血浆疗法治疗 COVID-19。恢复期血浆是指 COVID-19 康复患者捐献的血液。高抗体水平的恢复期血浆可用于治疗部分处于疾病早期或免疫系统低下的 COVID-19 住院患者。

单克隆抗体对由奥密克戎变异株引起的 COVID-19 效果不佳。这些药物在之前用于治疗因 COVID-19 患重症风险较高的轻度至中度 COVID-19 患者。

许多 COVID-19 患者可能为轻症,可给予支持性护理。支持性护理旨在缓解症状,可能包括:

  • 止痛药(布洛芬或对乙酰氨基酚)
  • 止咳糖浆或药物
  • 休息
  • 摄入液体

没有证据表明需要避免使用布洛芬或其他非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)。

如果症状较轻,医务人员可能会建议您在家中恢复。可能会为您提供具体的指导来监测症状变化以及避免将疾病传播给他人。医生将要求您在患病期间尽量与家人和宠物隔离,在周围有人和宠物时佩戴口罩,并使用单独的卧室和浴室。开窗通风换气,同时尽量使用空气净化器。

医务人员将建议您居家隔离一段时间,看病就诊时例外。医务人员会定期对您进行随访。请遵从医务人员和当地卫生部门关于何时可以结束居家隔离的指导原则。

如果您病情严重,则可能需要住院治疗。

Clinical trials

妙佑医疗国际探索研究中心测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。

妥善处理与支持

COVID-19 大流行期间,感到恐惧和焦虑很常见。您可能会担心自己或亲人生病。您可能会担心如何照顾生病的自己或家人。

在这段时间,切记要照顾好自己并管理自己的压力。

  • 健康饮食。
  • 保证睡眠充足。
  • 运动。
  • 尝试放松练习,例如深呼吸、拉伸和冥想。
  • 避免过多观看或阅读新闻。
  • 与朋友和家人保持联系,例如通过电话或视频通话。
  • 做一些您喜欢的活动,例如看书或看有趣的电影。

如果您感染 COVID-19,请尤其注意以下建议:

  • 充分休息。
  • 饮用液体。
  • 如果症状加重立即通知医务人员。

感染2019 冠状病毒病或照顾这些患者会带来压力和焦虑。如果几天后压力仍影响到您的日常生活,请联系医务人员,并考虑要求转诊至心理健康专家处。

准备您的预约

要治疗 COVID-19,可以先联系初级保健医生或其他医务人员。您也可能会被立即转诊给在传染病治疗方面训练有素的医生。如果您认为自己患有 COVID-19,请在进入门诊前告知医务人员。医务人员和医护团队随后可以:

  • 联系感染预防和控制部门以及公共卫生官员
  • 准备好快速将您转移到单独的诊室中
  • 为您准备口罩

以下信息可以帮助您做好就诊准备。

您可以做些什么

预约就诊时,询问是否有需要提前准备的事项。请列出以下各项:

  • 您的症状,包括看似与约诊无关的任何症状
  • 您的近期旅行史,包括出国旅行情况
  • 重要的个人信息,包括主要身心压力、近期生活变化以及家族病史
  • 您使用的所有药物、维生素或其他补充剂以及剂量
  • 需要向医生咨询的问题

尽量请家人或朋友陪同,他们可以帮您记住医务人员告知您的信息。陪同就诊人数不要超过一人或两人。就诊前请先确认,因为有些医院或医疗中心可能会有陪同人数限制。

要向医务人员咨询的一些基本问题包括:

  • 我的症状有多大可能是由 COVID-19 引起?
  • 还有其他哪些原因可能引起我的症状?
  • 我需要做哪些检查?
  • 您有什么建议措施?
  • 我需要遵守哪些限制规定?
  • 我是否应该去看专科医生?

医生可能会做什么

医务人员可能会问您一些问题,例如:

  • 您的症状是从何时开始出现?
  • 您最近曾去过哪里?
  • 您曾与哪些人有过密切接触?
  • 您的症状有多严重?
Jan. 20, 2023
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