成人疫苗:我需要哪一种?

    疫苗可以保护您的健康。详细了解推荐成人接种的疫苗。

    您可能认为自己已经不再是小孩,因此无需接种疫苗,但成人也需要接种疫苗。以下说明了如何掌握疫苗接种问题。

    哪些因素可能会影响为我推荐的疫苗?

    美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)建议,成人应根据年龄、接种过的疫苗、健康状况、生活方式、职业、旅行目的地和性活动等安排疫苗接种。

    如何查询我的疫苗接种情况?

    如需了解您的疫苗接种情况,请询问您的父母或其他照护者。请向医务人员的诊室咨询。如有必要,您可以向您以前接受过治疗的医疗机构进行查询。或者向要求疫苗接种的学校或雇主查询。还可以联系您所在州的卫生部门,看看是否设有包括成人免疫的登记处。

    如果您找不到病历,医务人员可能会安排您进行血液检测,看看您是否对疫苗预防的特定疾病有免疫力。您可能需要再次接种疫苗。

    成人需要哪些疫苗?

    与医务人员讨论您的具体需求。应考虑接种的成人疫苗包括:

    • COVID-19。 2019 冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫苗可防止感染 COVID-19,或者防止因 COVID-19 导致的重症或死亡。
    • 流感(流行性感冒)。 CDC 建议年满 6 个月的所有人群每年接种流感疫苗,以预防流行性感冒。年满 50 岁的成人不应采用流感疫苗鼻喷剂。若老年人患流行性感冒,可能引发严重并发症。
    • 乙型肝炎。CDC 建议 19 至 59 岁的所有成人接种乙型肝炎疫苗。该疫苗也推荐给年满 60 岁并有乙肝风险因素的成人。年满 60 岁的成人如果没有已知风险因素,则不建议接种。但是,如果您属于该人群且您愿意,您可以接种乙型肝炎疫苗。乙型肝炎是一种影响肝脏的疾病。
    • 人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)。 CDC 建议 11 岁或 12 岁的男孩和女孩接种 HPV 疫苗。15 至 26 岁才开始接种该系列疫苗的青少年和年轻人应接种三剂疫苗。美国食品药品管理局已批准将 HPV 疫苗 Gardasil 9 用于 9 至 45 岁男性和女性。HPV 是一种常见的致癌病毒。
    • 肺炎球菌疫苗。 CDC 建议年满 65 岁的成人接种肺炎球菌疫苗,该疫苗分为两种。患肺炎球菌疾病风险较高的年轻人可能也需要接种一剂疫苗。肺炎球菌疾病会导致肺炎、脑膜炎和血流感染等感染。
    • 带状疱疹。 CDC 建议年满 50 岁的健康成人接种 Shingrix 疫苗,以预防带状疱疹。该疫苗有两剂。带状疱疹虽不致命,但可能非常疼。
    • 破伤风、白喉、百日咳(Tdap)。 通常在 11 岁或 12 岁注射一剂 Tdap。如果您从未注射过 Tdap 疫苗,CDC 建议尽快接种该疫苗。另外,也建议每次怀孕期间注射一剂 Tdap 疫苗,最好是孕 27 周至 36 周之间。Tdap 使您免受牙关紧闭(破伤风)、百日咳和白喉的侵害,此类疾病均会导致呼吸问题。建议每 10 年注射一剂加强针。

    为帮助跟踪个人疫苗接种情况,请向医务人员索取免疫记录表。每次保健就诊时,请随身携带该表格。每次接种疫苗后,请医务人员在表格上签名并附上日期。

    Provider applying Bandaid to upper arm

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    Provider applying Bandaid to upper arm
    1. Recommended adult immunization schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html. Accessed Aug. 17, 2022.
    2. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: What everyone should know. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/public/index.html. Accessed July 15, 2019.
    3. What everyone should know about shingles vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/public/index.html. Accessed July 15, 2019.
    4. Keeping your vaccine records up to date. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/vaccination-records.html. Accessed July 12, 2019.
    5. AskMayoExpert. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2018.
    6. Live attenuated influenza vaccine [LAIV] (the nasal spray flu vaccine). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/nasalspray.htm. Accessed July 15, 2019.
    7. Pneumococcal vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/vaccination.html. Accessed July 15, 2019
    8. Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (tdap)VIS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/tdap.html. Accessed July 15, 2019.
    9. Frequently asked questions about estimated flu burden. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/faq.htm. Accessed July 15, 2019.
    10. FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm622715.htm. Accessed July 15, 2019.
    11. Schedule changes and guidance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/schedule-changes.html#adult. Accessed Aug. 17, 2022.
    12. Benefits of getting a COVID-19 vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html. Accessed Aug. 17, 2022.
    13. Hepatitis B vaccination of adults. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/vaccadults.htm. Accessed Aug. 17, 2022.

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