نظرة عامة

الورم النجمي هو نمو للخلايا يبدأ في الدماغ أو الحبل النخاعي. يبدأ الورم في خلايا تُسمّى الخلايا النجمية. تدعم الخلايا النجمية الخلايا العصبية الموجودة في الدماغ والحبل النخاعي وتصل بينها.

وتتباين أعراض الورم النجمي تبعًا لمكان الورم. يُمكِن أن يُسبب الورم النجمي الذي يصيب الدماغ تغييرات في الشخصية ونوبات صرع وصداعًا وغثيانًا. ويمكن أن يُسبب الورم النجمي الذي يصيب الحبل النخاعي ضعفًا وإعاقة في المنطقة المتأثرة بالورم المُتنامي.

تنمو بعض الأورام النجمية ببطء. وبعض الأورام النجمية لا تكون سرطانية. وفي بعض الأحيان، تُسمّى هذه الأورام غير السرطانية أورام نجمية حميدة. أغلب الأورام النجمية تنمو بسرعة وتُعد ضمن سرطانات الدماغ. وتُسمّى هذه الأورام أحيانًا بالأورام النجمية الخبيثة. وسواءً كان الورم حميدًا أم خبيثًا، يُراعي الطبيب هذا الأمر عند وضع خطة العلاج.

الأعراض

تختلف مؤشرات الورم النجمي وأعراضه حسب المكان الذي نشأ فيه الورم. فقد ينشأ هذا النوع من الأورام في الدماغ أو في الحبل النخاعي.

وتشمل أعراض الورم النجمي في الدماغ ما يلي:

  • نوبات قد تؤدي إلى فقدان الوعي أو تغيّرات في السلوك، مثل التحديق في الفراغ.
  • الصداع.
  • الغثيان والقيء.
  • تغيرات في الشخصية.
  • مشكلات في النطق.
  • الشعور بالتعب أو الضعف الشديد.

تشمل أعراض الورم النجمي في الحبل النخاعي ما يلي:

  • ألم في المنطقة المصابة.
  • ألم تزداد حدته أثناء الليل.
  • ضعف في الساقين أو الذراعين تزداد حدته مع مرور الوقت.
  • صعوبة في المشي.

Early symptoms of astrocytoma

  • New seizures, which are often the first sign in slow-growing tumors.
  • Subtle changes in thinking, mood or memory.
  • Mild headaches.
  • Difficulty finding the right words to say.
  • Changes in vision.
  • Clumsiness on one side of the body.
  • Pain in the neck or back that begins slowly.
  • Tingling or numbness that travels into an arm or leg.

Later symptoms of astrocytoma as the tumor grows

  • Headaches that get worse, especially in the morning or with coughing or straining.
  • Nausea and vomiting, which can happen as a result of increased pressure.
  • Increasing weakness.
  • Speech or vision troubles.
  • Changes in memory, thinking or concentration, called cognitive decline.
  • Worsening balance.
  • Bowel or bladder changes.

Astrocytoma symptoms by tumor location

An astrocytoma may start in the brain or the spinal cord. The signs and symptoms often look different depending on the location of the tumor.

Back and lower part of brain

  • Trouble with balance and coordination such as stumbling or shaky movements.
  • Headache, nausea and vomiting from pressure in the brain.

Brainstem

  • Double vision or other eye movement issues.
  • Facial weakness or lack of feeling in the face.
  • Difficulty speaking or swallowing.
  • Difficulty with walking and balance.
  • Weakness.

Spinal cord

  • Back or neck pain that slowly gets worse.
  • Pain that spreads into an arm or leg.
  • Numbness and tingling.
  • Weakness.
  • Poor balance, falls and unsteadiness when walking.
  • Bowel or bladder changes that may occur later.

These symptoms aren't necessarily specific to astrocytoma but can happen with many types of brain tumors. New symptoms or symptoms that get worse should be checked by your healthcare professional. These symptoms include a first-time seizure, vision changes, speech trouble, one-sided weakness or headaches that are worse in the morning.

Can swelling, called edema, around the tumor worsen symptoms?

Yes. Swelling of brain tissue around the tumor is called peritumoral edema. It can make symptoms worse or cause new symptoms to appear. These symptoms may include headaches, weakness, speech trouble or vision changes. The swelling increases pressure inside the skull and can stretch or irritate nearby brain pathways. This may worsen common symptoms. Short courses of steroid medicines may be used to reduce swelling and relieve symptoms.

Edema is more common in high-grade astrocytomas and contributes to symptoms even when the tumor itself is not very large.

How do children's symptoms of pilocytic astrocytoma differ from adult symptoms?

Pilocytic astrocytomas are a type of astrocytoma that are more common in children and teens. Adults can have these tumors, but it is rare. Because pilocytic astrocytomas grow slowly, symptoms often develop gradually over weeks or months.

Children may have:

  • Headaches, especially in the morning.
  • Balance problems or clumsiness if the tumor is in the cerebellum.
  • Nausea, vomiting or irritability from pressure in the brain.
  • Vision problems if the tumor affects the optic pathway.

In very young children, parents may notice changes in coordination, school performance or behavior.

In adults, astrocytomas are more likely to develop in a different part of the brain. They may cause new seizures, speech issues, or changes in thinking or personality as early symptoms.

Astrocytoma grading system

Astrocytomas are sorted into grades depending on how their cells appear and act under a microscope. The World Health Organization (WHO) created this grading system to help predict how quickly the tumor might grow or spread and to guide treatment decisions.

Grade Name How it behaves Notes
1 Pilocytic astrocytoma Least aggressive. Grows slowly and usually has clear edges. Often treated successfully with surgery alone. It's considered nonmalignant (benign). Most people are cured with surgery and live a typical lifespan.
2 Diffuse astrocytoma Slow growing but often grows into nearby brain tissue, which can make complete removal difficult. Cells look only slightly different from typical under the microscope. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as safely possible followed by radiation or chemotherapy or both. Median survival is between 7 and 8 years.
3 Anaplastic astrocytoma High-grade. Grows faster than grade 2 and is more serious. Requires more aggressive treatment. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove as much tumor as safely possible, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Overall median survival is about 5 years or longer depending on the tumor type.
4 Glioblastoma Most aggressive. Can arise from a lower grade tumor or appear suddenly as high-grade disease. Most common in adults. Treatment is usually surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Median survival is around 15 months.

Circumscribed versus diffuse tumors

Some astrocytomas are called circumscribed, and others are called diffuse. Circumscribed means the tumor is well defined and localized. Diffuse astrocytomas spread into nearby brain tissue. Circumscribed defines the growth pattern and the category of the tumor, but not the grade. Pilocytic and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) are circumscribed tumors. These are grouped separately from diffuse astrocytomas.

IDH tumors

IDH is a gene found in cells. There are two: IDH1 and IDH2. When a tumor is IDH wild type, it means the IDH gene looks healthy and there's no change to the IDH gene in the tumor cells. Glioblastoma is an IDH wild-type tumor.

When a tumor is IDH mutant, there is a change in the IDH1 or IDH2 gene. In the current WHO system, if lab tests show an IDH change, the tumor is named astrocytoma, IDH mutant. After naming the type, a grade is assigned — 2, 3 or 4 — based on how fast it's likely to grow. IDH testing helps the healthcare team classify the tumor and predict how it may behave.

متى تجب زيارة الطبيب

احجز موعدًا لزيارة الطبيب أو اختصاصي رعاية صحية آخر إذا ظهرت عليك أعراض مستمرة تُثير قلقك.

الأسباب

لا يكون سبب الورم النجمي معروفًا في معظم الحالات. يبدأ هذا الورم بنمو غير طبيعي للخلايا في الدماغ أو الحبل النخاعي. ويتشكل في خلايا تُعرف باسم الخلايا النجمية. تدعم الخلايا النجمية الخلايا العصبية الموجودة في الدماغ والحبل النخاعي وتصل بينها.

يحدث الورم النجمي عند حدوث تغيرات في الحمض النووي للخلايا النجمية. يحمل الحمض النووي للخلايا التعليمات التي تحدد وظيفتها. في حال الخلايا السليمة، يصدر الحمض النووي تعليمات للخلايا لتنمو وتتكاثر بمعدل معين. وتحدد هذه التعليمات موعد موت الخلايا بشكل طبيعي. في خلايا الورم، تؤدي التغيرات في الحمض النووي إلى إعطاء تعليمات مختلفة. تحفز هذه التغيرات خلايا الورم على النمو والتكاثر بسرعة. ويمكن أن تبقى خلايا الورم حية، في حين تموت الخلايا السليمة. ويؤدي ذلك إلى وجود عدد كبير جدًا من الخلايا.

تشكل خلايا الورم كتلة قد تضغط على الأجزاء القريبة من الدماغ أو الحبل النخاعي مع تزايد حجمها. وفي بعض الأحيان، تؤدي التغيرات في الحمض النووي إلى تحويل خلايا الورم إلى خلايا سرطانية. يمكن أن تغزو الخلايا السرطانية الأنسجة السليمة في الجسم وتدمرها.

عوامل الخطورة

تشمل عوامل الخطورة المرتبطة بالإصابة بالورم النجمي ما يلي:

  • سيرة مرَضية للخضوع للعلاج الإشعاعي. إذا كنت قد خضعت لعلاجات إشعاعية لنوع آخر من السرطان، خاصةً الإشعاع بالقرب من الرأس أو الرقبة، فقد تكون أكثر عُرضة للخطر.
  • منتصف العمر. يمكن أن يحدث الورم النجمي في أي عمر، لكنه أكثر شيوعًا بين البالغين الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 30 و 55 عامًا.
  • المتلازمات الوراثية. قد يكون الأشخاص المصابون ببعض الاضطرابات التي تسري في العائلات أكثر عُرضة للإصابة بالورم النجمي. وتتضمن الأمثلة الورام الليفي العصبي من النوع الأول ومتلازمة لينش ومتلازمة لي فراوميني.

لا ​​توجد طريقة لتجنب الإصابة بالورم النجمي.

Could lifestyle or the environment cause astrocytoma?

There's no proven link between lifestyle factors, such as diet, exercise or smoking, and astrocytoma. Other suspected environmental risks, such as chemical exposures or cellphone use, have not been shown to cause astrocytoma. Most cases appear by chance, without a clear outside trigger.

There is no known way to prevent astrocytoma.

المضاعفات

Astrocytomas can cause complications as the tumor grows or as a result of treatment. Possible astrocytoma complications include:

  • Neurological issues. The tumor may press on parts of the brain or spinal cord. This can lead to headaches, seizures, trouble speaking, weakness or difficulty walking.
  • Tumor recurrence. Even after treatment, astrocytomas may come back, especially if they are high grade or could not be fully removed.
  • Treatment risks and side effects. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy sometimes can cause side effects such as trouble with memory or thinking, seizures, headaches, nausea, or fatigue. In some cases, treatment may damage healthy brain tissue.

Your care team works with you to help manage these issues and support your quality of life.

07/11/2025

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