Renal artery stenosis

Diagnosis

For diagnosis of renal artery stenosis, your doctor may start with:

• A physical exam that includes your doctor listening through a stethoscope over the kidney areas for sounds that may mean the artery to your kidney is narrowed
• A review of your medical history
• Blood and urine tests to check your kidney function
• Blood and urine tests to measure the levels of hormones that regulate blood pressure

Imaging tests commonly done to diagnose renal artery stenosis include:

• Doppler ultrasound. High-frequency sound waves help your doctor see the arteries and kidneys and check their function. This procedure also helps your doctor find blockages in the blood vessels and measure their severity.
• Computerized tomography (CT) scan. During a CT scan, an X-ray machine linked to a computer creates a detailed image that shows cross-sectional images of the renal arteries. You may receive a dye injection to show blood flow.
• Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MRA uses radio waves and strong magnetic fields to produce detailed 3-D images of the renal arteries and kidneys. A dye injection into the arteries outlines blood vessels during imaging.
• Renal arteriography. This special type of X-ray exam helps your doctor find the blockage in the renal arteries and sometimes open the narrowed part with a balloon and stent. Before an X-ray is taken, your doctor injects a dye into the renal arteries through a long, thin tube (catheter) to outline the arteries and show blood flow more clearly. This test is often performed at the time of restoring the blood vessel opening with a stent.

Treatment

Treatment for renal artery stenosis may involve lifestyle changes, medication or a procedure. Sometimes a combination of treatments is the best approach. Depending on your overall health and symptoms, observation may be all that you need.

Lifestyle changes

If your blood pressure is moderately or severely elevated, you may need to make certain lifestyle changes, such as:

• Maintain a healthy weight or lose weight if you're overweight
• Eat healthy foods
• Limit salt in your diet
• Be physically active
• Reduce your stress levels
• Drink alcohol or caffeinated beverages in moderation, if at all
• Don't smoke

Medication

High blood pressure — even when mainly related to renal artery stenosis — often can be successfully treated with medications. Finding the right medication or combination of medications may require time and patience.

Some medications commonly used to treat high blood pressure associated with renal artery stenosis include:

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which help relax your blood vessels and block the formation or effects of a natural body chemical called angiotensin II, which narrows blood vessels
• Diuretics, also known as water pills, which help your body eliminate excess sodium and water
• Beta blockers and alpha-beta blockers, which may have the effect of making your heart beat slowly and less forcefully or widening (dilating) your blood vessels, depending on which medication you use
• Calcium channel blockers, which help relax blood vessels

If atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of renal artery stenosis, your doctor may also recommend aspirin and a cholesterol-lowering medication. Which medications are best for you depends on your individual situation.

Procedures

For certain people — for instance, those with uncontrolled high blood pressure and a complication such as pulmonary edema or worsening kidney function — a procedure may be recommended to restore blood flow through the renal artery and improve blood flow (perfusion) to the kidney.

Procedures to treat renal artery stenosis may include:

• Renal angioplasty and stenting. In this procedure, doctors open wider the narrowed renal artery and place a device inside your blood vessel that holds the walls of the vessel open and allows for better blood flow.
• Renal artery bypass surgery. During a bypass procedure, doctors graft a substitute blood vessel to the renal artery to make a new route for blood to reach your kidneys. Sometimes this means connecting the renal artery to a vessel from somewhere else, such as the liver or spleen.

Recent results from clinical trials that compared renal angioplasty and stenting with medication alone didn't show a difference between the two treatment approaches on reducing high blood pressure and improving kidney function for patients with moderate renal artery stenosis. Utilizing procedures to open the vessel should be considered for people who fail medical therapy alone.

Lifestyle and home remedies

As a part of your treatment plan for renal artery stenosis, your doctor may recommend making certain lifestyle changes:

• Maintain a healthy weight. When your weight increases, so does your blood pressure. If you're overweight, even losing 10 pounds may help to lower your blood pressure.
• Restrict salt in your diet. Salt and salty foods cause your body to retain fluid. This may increase the volume of your blood and, in turn, increase your blood pressure.
• Be physically active. Being physically active on a regular basis may help you lose weight, lower your risk of heart disease, lower your cholesterol and lower your blood pressure. Check with your doctor before beginning an exercise program, especially if you have high blood pressure and haven't been active in the past.
• Reduce stress. Stress can increase your blood pressure temporarily. This increase varies, depending on your level of stress and how your body reacts to it.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. Too much alcohol may increase your blood pressure.
• Don't smoke. Tobacco injures blood vessel walls and speeds up the process of hardening of the arteries. If you smoke, ask your doctor to help you quit.

Preparing for your appointment

For renal artery stenosis, you may start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels (cardiologist) or kidneys (nephrologist), particularly if blood pressure is difficult to control or kidney function worsens.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, as well as what to expect from your doctor.

What you can do

To prepare for your appointment:

• Write down symptoms you have, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
• Make a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements that you take, including dosages.
• Be prepared to report key medical information to your doctor, including past or current smoking or use of other tobacco products.
• Ask a family member or friend to come along. Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all of the information provided to you during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.
• Write down questions to ask your doctor.

For renal artery stenosis, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:

• What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?
• Are there any other possible causes for my symptoms?
• What kinds of tests do I need? Do these tests require any special preparation?
• Is this condition temporary or long lasting?
• What treatments are available, and which do you recommend?
• What side effects can I expect from treatment?
• I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
• Do I need to follow any dietary restrictions? What about activity restrictions?
• Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing for me?
• What's the appropriate level for my blood pressure? Is there anything I can do to help bring it down?
• Do you have any printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?

In addition to the questions that you've prepared, don't hesitate to ask other questions as they occur to you during your appointment.

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:

• When did you first begin experiencing symptoms?
• Are you a current or past smoker, or do you use any other type of tobacco products?
• Does anything seem to improve or worsen your symptoms?
• Do you know your average blood pressure values?
• Have you had your kidney function measured?
• Does anyone in your family have a history of high blood pressure or kidney disease?