枯萎卵:是什么原因造成的?

    有哪些原因会导致枯萎卵? 可能出现哪些症状?

    枯萎卵是一种导致早期流产的特定妊娠类型的旧称。现在被称为无胚胎妊娠。

    在健康妊娠中,卵子与精子结合后受孕,发育成未出生胎儿最初的形式,称为胚胎。但在无胚胎妊娠中,胚胎未得以形成,或是在形成过程中停止并被身体重新吸收。发生这种情况的原因往往不能确定,但可能是由于受精卵的染色体(含有基因的结构)异常所致。

    无胚胎妊娠最常见于怀孕早期,有时甚至出现在您得知自己怀孕之前。但是,您可能因为妊娠测试结果或错过一次经期而发现早期妊娠。

    测试可能检测出人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG),显示您已经怀孕。受精卵附着在子宫壁上时,人体就开始分泌这种妊娠激素。然后,由胎盘(在妊娠期间形成的为胎儿输送营养和氧气的器官)细胞释放 HCG。无胚胎妊娠伴有短暂的胎盘开始形成时期。

    您可能会出现孕早期的症状,如乳房触痛、胃部不适和呕吐。但是当胚胎停止生长,激素水平下降时,妊娠症状往往会消退。

    此时,您可能会出现轻度痉挛或盆腔痛,阴道会有少量点滴出血或出血。子宫的超声图像会显示一个充满液体的内空结构(孕囊),里面没有胚胎。健康妊娠的孕囊中包有胚胎。

    无胚胎妊娠终会流产。有些人选择等待自然流产,而另一些人则选择通过药物引流。在某些情况下,会通过刮宫术吸出子宫中的妊娠相关组织。

    大多数出现过无胚胎妊娠的人后来都能成功怀孕。如果您连续两次或多次流产,请与医生或其他医疗护理专业人员交谈,找出任何潜在原因。

    1. Landon MB, et al., eds. Obstetric ultrasound: Imaging, dating, growth, and anomaly. In: Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 20, 2023.
    2. DeCherney AH, et al., eds. Early pregnancy risks. In: Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology. 12th ed. McGraw Hill; 2019. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed April 20, 2023.
    3. Prager S, et al. Pregnancy loss (miscarriage): Terminology, risk factors, and etiology. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed April 20, 2023.
    4. Bastian LA, et al. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of early pregnancy. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed April 20, 2023.
    5. What is recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)? American Society for Reproductive Medicine. https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/what-is-recurrent-pregnancy-loss-rpl/?_gl=1*1e1uyga*_ga*OTA0NzQ1NdczLjE2NzU0NDY5Njc.*_ga_T403PGFCFZ*MTY4MjAyNDM1My4xNS4xLjE2ODIwMjQzNjguMC4wLjA.&_ga=2.178326306.702092907.1682024354-904745473.1675446967. Accessed April 20, 2023.
    6. FAQs: Early pregnancy loss. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/early-pregnancy-loss. Accessed April 20, 2023.
    7. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. April 28, 2023.
    8. Schreiber CA, et al. Mifepristone pretreatment for the medical management of early pregnancy loss. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2018; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1715726.
    9. Knowing if you are pregnant. Office on Women's Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/you-get-pregnant/knowing-if-you-are-pregnant. Accessed May 1, 2023.
    10. Roberts V, et al. Placental development and physiology. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 1, 2023.

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