概述

昏迷是一种长时间丧失意识的状态。造成昏迷的原因有很多,包括创伤性头部受伤、卒中、脑肿瘤,或者药物或酒精中毒。昏迷甚至可能由基础疾病造成,例如糖尿病或感染。

昏迷是一种医疗急症。为了维持生命和大脑功能,必须迅速采取措施。医务人员通常会安排一系列血液检测和脑部扫描,以了解导致昏迷的原因,从而开展适当的治疗。

昏迷的持续时间通常不会超过几周。昏迷时间较长的人可能会转而进入持续性植物状态或脑死亡状态。

症状

昏迷的常见症状包括:

  • 双眼闭合。
  • 脑干反射抑制,如瞳孔对光无反应。
  • 除了反射性运动外,四肢没有反应。
  • 除了反射性运动外,对疼痛刺激没有反应。
  • 呼吸不规律。

何时就医

昏迷属于医疗紧急事件。昏迷者需立即就医。

病因

许多类型的问题都可能导致昏迷,包括:

  • 颅脑外伤。颅脑外伤通常由交通事故或暴力行为引起。
  • 卒中。动脉阻塞或血管破裂可能导致大脑供血减少或中断(也称为卒中)。
  • 肿瘤。脑部或脑干中的肿瘤可引起昏迷。
  • 糖尿病。血糖水平过高或过低都可能引起昏迷。
  • 缺氧。溺水后被抢救的人或者心脏病发作后恢复知觉的人可能由于脑部缺氧而无法苏醒。
  • 感染。脑炎和脑膜炎等感染会导致大脑、脊髓或大脑周围的组织肿胀。这些感染的严重病例可能出现脑损伤或昏迷。
  • 癫痫发作。持续的癫痫发作可能导致昏迷。
  • 毒素。接触一氧化碳或铅等毒素可能导致脑损伤和昏迷。
  • 药物和酒精。用药或饮酒过量可能导致昏迷。

风险因素

Risk factors for coma include:

  • Serious head injury.
  • Stroke.
  • Bleeding in and around the brain, known as an intracranial bleed.
  • Brain tumor.
  • Diabetes with blood sugar that's very high or very low.
  • Health conditions, such as hypothyroidism or very low sodium in the blood.
  • Very low blood pressure from serious heart failure.
  • Epilepsy, including having seizures that last more than five minutes or that happen one after another without the person regaining consciousness.
  • Serious infection, such as sepsis, encephalitis or meningitis.
  • Near drowning, which decreases oxygen to the brain.
  • Excessive use of alcohol or use of illegal drugs.
  • Exposure to carbon monoxide, lead or other toxins.

The risk of coma goes up with age. This is especially true if older adults:

  • Have a brain disease or another condition such as diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney disease.
  • Take several medicines, which can lead to drug interactions or accidental overdose.

并发症

虽然很多人会逐渐从昏迷中苏醒,但有些人却会进入持续性植物状态或死亡。有些从昏迷中苏醒的人可能会发生重度或轻度残障。

昏迷期间,可能会出现褥疮、尿路感染、腿部血凝块等问题。

Nov. 26, 2024
  1. Overview of coma and impaired consciousness. Merck Manual Professional Edition. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/coma-and-impaired-consciousness/overview-of-coma-and-impaired-consciousness. Accessed Nov. 8, 2020.
  2. Daroff RB, et al. Stupor and coma. Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2016. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 6, 2020.
  3. Young GB. Stupor and coma in adults. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 6, 2020.
  4. Coma information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Coma-Information-Page. Accessed Nov. 6, 2020.

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