Progressive supranuclear palsy

Overview

Progressive supranuclear palsy is an uncommon brain disorder that causes serious problems with walking, balance and eye movements, and later with swallowing. The disorder results from deterioration of cells in areas of your brain that control body movement, coordination, thinking and other important functions. Progressive supranuclear palsy is also called Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome.

Progressive supranuclear palsy worsens over time and can lead to life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia and swallowing problems. There's no cure for progressive supranuclear palsy, so treatment focuses on managing the signs and symptoms.

Symptoms

The characteristic signs and symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy include:

• A loss of balance while walking. A tendency to fall backward can occur very early in the disease.
• An inability to aim your eyes properly. You may not be able to look downward, or experience blurring and double vision. This difficulty with focusing the eyes can make some people spill food or appear disinterested in conversation because of poor eye contact.

Additional signs and symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy vary and may mimic those of Parkinson's disease and dementia. They generally get worse over time and may include:

• Stiffness (especially of the neck) and awkward movements
• Falling, especially falling backward
• Slow or slurred speech
• Problems with swallowing, which may cause gagging or choking
• Sensitivity to bright light
• Sleep disturbances
• Loss of interest in pleasurable activities
• Impulsive behavior, or laughing or crying for no reason
• Difficulties with reasoning, problem-solving and decision-making
• Depression and anxiety
• A surprised or frightened facial expression, resulting from rigid facial muscles
• Dizziness

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience any of the signs and symptoms listed above.

Causes

The cause of progressive supranuclear palsy isn't known. The signs and symptoms of the disorder result from deterioration of cells in areas of your brain, especially those that help you control body movements and thinking.

Researchers have found that the deteriorating brain cells of people with progressive supranuclear palsy have excess amounts of a protein called tau. Clumps of tau are also found in other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Rarely, progressive supranuclear palsy occurs within a family. But a genetic link isn't clear, and most people with progressive supranuclear palsy haven't inherited the disorder.

Risk factors

The only proven risk factor for progressive supranuclear palsy is age. The condition typically affects people in their late 60s and 70s. It's virtually unknown in people under the age of 40.

Complications

Complications of progressive supranuclear palsy result primarily from slow and difficult muscle movements. These complications may include:

• Falling, which could lead to head injuries, fractures and other injuries
• Difficulty focusing your eyes, which also can lead to injuries
• Difficulty sleeping, which can lead to a feeling of tiredness and excessive daytime sleeping
• Difficulty looking at bright lights
• Problems swallowing, which can lead to choking or inhaling food or liquid into your airway (aspiration)
• Pneumonia, which can be caused by aspiration and is the most common cause of death in people with progressive supranuclear palsy
• Impulsive behaviors — for example, standing up without waiting for assistance — which can lead to falls

To avoid the hazards of choking, your doctor may recommend a feeding tube. To avoid injuries due to falling, a walker or a wheelchair may be used.