诊断

由于 NAFLD 通常不会引起症状,它常常在检查由其他病因导致的肝脏问题时才会被发现。例如,年度体检的血液检测可能显示肝酶水平升高,随后可能导致更多检查,并得出 NAFLD 诊断。

诊断 NAFLD、排除其他疾病和判断肝脏损伤程度的检查包括:

血液检测

  • 全血细胞计数。
  • 铁检测可测量您的血液和其他细胞中的铁含量。
  • 肝酶和肝功能检测。
  • 慢性病毒性肝炎(甲肝、丙肝等)检查。
  • 乳糜泻筛查。
  • 空腹血糖。
  • 糖化血红蛋白,显示血糖稳定度。
  • 血脂分析,用于测量血脂,例如胆固醇和甘油三酯。

成像程序

用于诊断 NAFLD 的影像学检查包括:

  • 腹部超声,这通常是怀疑肝病时进行的首项检查。
  • 磁共振成像(MRI)或计算机体层成像(CT)扫描。这些检查更适用于检测轻度肝纤维化,但无法区分 NASHNAFLD
  • 瞬时弹性成像,一种用于测量肝脏硬度的较新型超声检查。肝脏硬度是纤维化或瘢痕形成的体征。
  • 磁共振弹性成像,该检查将 MRI 成像与声波相结合,创建出显示人体组织硬度的视觉图(弹性图)。

肝脏活检

如果其他检查显示更晚期肝病或 NASH 的体征,或这如果您的检查结果不清楚,您的医生可能建议您接受肝脏活检。肝脏活检是指从您的肝脏中取出一小块组织进行检查。该手术通常使用手术针穿过腹腔壁完成。采集样本将送至实验室,用于检查组织是否有炎症和瘢痕形成的迹象。肝脏活检是诊断 NASH 的最佳方法,能一目了然地观察到肝脏损害程度。

肝脏活检可能令人不适,并且略有风险,您的医疗护理团队会与您详细说明这一情况。手术方法是将手术针经腹腔壁插入肝脏中。

一位医生在查看磁共振弹性图

一位妙佑医疗国际的放射科医生在查看肝脏磁共振弹性图,该图像显示红色的瘢痕形成或纤维化区域。

治疗

NAFLD 治疗通常从减重开始。可通过健康饮食、限制饮食份量和锻炼达到这个目的。体重减轻可能会改善导致 NAFLD 的其他健康问题。通常建议减去体重的 10% 或更多。但即使减去起始体重的 3% 至 5% 可能也大有裨益。减重手术或药物可能对某些人群有所帮助。

目前有一款新药,可以用于治疗伴有中度至重度肝脏瘢痕形成的 NASH 患者。瑞司美替罗(Rezdiffra)可能有助于减少积聚在肝脏中的脂肪量。但不建议已经出现肝硬化的患者服用此药。因 NASH 出现肝硬化的患者可能需要肝移植。

临床试验

探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。

Self-care

With help from your health care team, you can take steps to manage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. You can:

  • Lose weight. If you're overweight or obese, reduce the number of calories you eat each day and increase your physical activity to lose weight slowly. Eating fewer calories is key to losing weight and managing this disease. If you tried to lose weight in the past and couldn't, ask your health care team for help.
  • Choose a healthy diet. Eat a healthy diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Your health care team may suggest avoiding or limiting certain foods and drinks, such as white bread, red and processed meats, juices, and sweetened drinks. Keep track of all calories you take in.
  • Exercise and be more active. Aim for at least 150 minutes of exercise a week. If you're trying to lose weight, you might find that more exercise is helpful. But if you don't already exercise regularly, get your health care team's OK first and start slowly.
  • Manage your diabetes. Follow your health care team's advice to manage your diabetes. Take your medicines as told by your care team and watch your blood sugar closely.
  • Lower your cholesterol and blood pressure. Improve your cholesterol levels and blood pressure if they are high. A healthy diet, exercise and medicines can help keep your cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure at healthy levels.
  • Protect your liver. Avoid things that could harm your liver health. For example, don't drink alcohol. Follow the instructions on all medicines and nonprescription drugs. Check with your health care team before using any herbal supplements, as some can harm the liver.

替代医学

没有替代疗法被证明可以治愈非酒精性脂肪性肝病。但研究人员正在研究某些补充剂或天然化合物是否会有帮助,例如:

  • 维生素 E。理论上,维生素 E 和其他被称为抗氧化剂的维生素可以通过减少或抵消发炎引起的损害来帮助保护肝脏。但还需要就此开展更多研究。

    一些证据表明,维生素 E 补充剂可能对未患有 2 型糖尿病的 NAFLD 患者有效。不建议有严重肝脏瘢痕或 2 型糖尿病的患者服用维生素 E 补充剂。维生素 E 会使患心脏病和前列腺癌的风险略微升高。

  • 含咖啡因的咖啡。一些研究表明,咖啡可以降低患肝病(如 NAFLD)的风险并降低出现瘢痕形成的几率,从而让肝脏获益。目前尚不清楚咖啡如何预防肝脏损伤。但咖啡中的某些化合物被认为可以减轻炎症,并减缓疤痕组织的生长。

    如果您已经在喝咖啡,这些研究结果可能让您晨间咖啡的感觉更好。但如果您还没有喝咖啡,这可能并不是开始喝咖啡的充分理由。请与医疗护理团队讨论咖啡的潜在益处。

准备您的预约

如果您出现令人担忧的症状,先去看家庭医生或初级保健医生。如果医生怀疑您的肝脏有问题(如非酒精性脂肪性肝病),可能会将您转诊给肝脏专科医生(肝病科医生)。

由于就诊时间可能很短,因此最好做好充分准备。以下几点建议可以帮助您做好就诊准备,并了解医生可能会做些什么。

您可以做什么

  • 了解就诊前要做的事项。请在约诊时询问是否需要提前进行任何准备。
  • 写下您目前的症状,包括看似与约诊无关的任何症状。
  • 列出您正在服用的所有药物、维生素或补充剂。
  • 带上任何相关病历记录,例如您曾接受的与目前所患病症有关的任何检查记录。
  • 尽可能让家人或朋友陪同就诊。有时可能难以记住就诊时医务人员告知的所有信息。陪同者可能会记住您遗漏或忘记的一些事项。
  • 写下想要咨询医疗护理团队的问题。

如果您发现自己患有非酒精性脂肪性肝病,要向医生咨询的一些基本问题包括:

  • 我肝脏中的脂肪是否有损健康?
  • 我的脂肪肝病是否会加重?
  • 我有哪些治疗选择?
  • 我怎么做才能保持肝脏健康?
  • 我还有其他健康问题。我怎样才能同时控制好这些疾病?
  • 我应该去看专科医生吗?我的保险会承保吗?
  • 是否有我可以带走的手册或其他印刷材料?您是否可以推荐一些网站供我查阅相关信息?
  • 我是否需要制定随访计划?

除了您已准备咨医护团队的问题外,就诊期间还可以随时提出其他问题。

医生可能做些什么

医生可能询问一些问题,例如:

  • 您是否有过任何症状,如眼睛或皮肤发黄以及腰间疼痛或肿胀?
  • 如果您当时已做过检查,结果如何?
  • 您是否饮酒?
  • 您正在服用哪些药物,包括非处方药和补充剂?
  • 您是否曾被告知有肝炎?
  • 您家中的其他人是否患有肝病?
Oct. 15, 2025

Living with 非酒精性脂肪性肝病?

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