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2020COVID-19 和相关疫苗开发和研究

COVID-19 史：疫情暴发和疫苗研制时间线

详细了解 COVID-19 大流行、COVID-19 检测、COVID-19 治疗、mRNA 研究和 COVID-19 疫苗。

严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2），引起 COVID-19 的病毒

导致 COVID-19 的病毒

严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2），引起 COVID-19 的病毒

1984

哈佛大学的 Paul A. Krieg（哲学博士）、Douglas A. Melton（哲学博士）、Tom Maniatis（哲学博士）和 Michael Green（哲学博士）以及同事使用一种合成 RNA 酶在实验室中制造出具有生物活性的信使 RNA（mRNA）。目前仍在使用一种类似工艺生产合成 mRNA。Krieg 和 Melton 医生使用合成 mRNA 来研究基因功能和活性。其他研究人员也在研究 RNA。

1987

Robert W. Malone（医学博士、理学硕士）将 mRNA 与脂肪滴混合。他发现当将人类细胞加入到这种混合物中时，人类细胞会吸收 mRNA 并产生蛋白。Malone 医生还发现蛙胚胎会吸收 mRNA。最终开发出基于 mRNA 的 COVID-19 疫苗，这些实验被认为是早期步骤。

1990 年代

研究人员检测了 mRNA 作为大鼠治疗方法以及小鼠流感和癌症疫苗的效果。

2000 年代

几位研究人员在钻研 mRNA 治疗或疫苗。但由于 mRNA 容易损伤且生产成本高昂，许多研究人员无法获得资金开展这项工作，因此通常不会进行研究。

2005

Katalin Kariko（哲学博士）和 Drew Weissman（医学博士、哲学博士）发现改良合成 mRNA 可以防止免疫系统攻击 mRNA。这一发现推动了 mRNA 疫苗研究的发展。

2010 年代

许多研究人员在探索 mRNA 治疗或疫苗。

2019

在中国发现了一种名为严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）的新型冠状病毒。SARS-CoV-2 病毒导致 2019 冠状病毒病（COVID-19）。WHO 于 2020 年宣布 COVID-19 疫情暴发是大流行病。WHO 和 CDC 发布预防和治疗 COVID-19 的建议。到 2021 年 1 月，COVID-19 导致全球约 250 万人死亡。

2020

多项 COVID-19 疫苗临床试验正在进行。研究人员利用之前从 SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV 和其他病毒疫苗研究中获得的知识，开发能够预防 COVID-19 的疫苗。研究人员还对 COVID-19 症状、长期效应、诊断检测、抗体检测、治疗和药物展开研究。

妙佑医疗国际的研究人员研究并开发了一种 COVID-19 诊断检测、一种抗体检测、多种单克隆抗体药物、康复期血浆治疗和疫苗。

COVID-19 疫苗

FDA 向两种 mRNA COVID-19 疫苗（辉瑞－生物科技和莫德纳 COVID-19 疫苗）授予紧急使用许可。FDA 的疫苗批准过程可能需要数月至数年的时间，鉴于对 COVID-19 疫苗的迫切需求，FDA 根据少于正常所需的数据，先给 COVID-19 疫苗授予了紧急使用许可。FDA 授予紧急使用许可或批准之前，数据必需显示疫苗安全有效。已经对疫苗进行了大量的安全监测，并继续进行监测。2020 年 12 月至 2023 年 6 月，数十亿支 COVID-19 疫苗得到接种。

妙佑医疗国际和其他医疗中心的研究人员继续研究更多的预防 COVID-19 的疫苗。

一名戴着口罩的小女孩由一位戴着口罩和面罩的医疗护理专业人员接种 COVID-19 疫苗。

COVID-19 疫苗

戴口罩的孩子在接种 COVID-19 疫苗。

2021

FDA 授予杨森/强生 COVID-19 疫苗紧急使用许可。FDA 已批准辉瑞－生物科技 COVID-19 疫苗（现称 Comirnaty）用于 16 岁及以上人群预防 COVID-19。FDA 还授权辉瑞－生物科技疫苗用于 5 至 15 岁儿童。研究人员继续研究和开发其他几种 COVID-19 疫苗。许多 COVID-19 疫苗在进行临床试验。

2022

FDA 已批准莫德纳 COVID-19 疫苗（现称 Spikevax）用于 18 岁及以上人群预防 COVID-19。FDA 已批准一款辉瑞－生物科技 COVID-19 疫苗（现称为 Comirnaty）用于 12 岁及以上人群。FDA 已授权辉瑞－生物科技疫苗用于 6 个月至 11 岁儿童，授权莫德纳疫苗用于 6 个月至 17 岁儿童。授权诺瓦瓦克斯 COVID-19 疫苗用于 18 岁及以上人群，不久又授权其用于 12 岁及以上人群。

2023

FDA 已批准辉瑞－生物科技 COVID-19 疫苗（现称为 Comirnaty）用于 12 岁及以上人群预防 COVID-19。FDA 已授权辉瑞－生物科技疫苗用于 6 个月至 11 岁人群。FDA 已批准莫德纳 COVID-19 疫苗（现称为 Spikevax）用于 12 岁及以上人群预防 COVID-19。FDA 已授权莫德纳 COVID-19 疫苗用于 6 个月至 11 岁儿童。

2024

基于正在传播的病毒株，FDA 建议 2024-2025 年 COVID-19 疫苗将某些 COVID-19 病毒株作为靶点。这些包括辉瑞－生物科技、莫德纳和诺瓦瓦克斯 COVID-19 2024-2025 年处方疫苗。FDA 已授权诺瓦瓦克斯 COVID-19 佐剂疫苗 2024-2025 年处方用于 12 岁及以上人群。

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