Lupus

Diagnosing lupus is hard because symptoms vary from person to person. Also, symptoms of lupus may change over time. And they can be like those of other conditions.

No one test can diagnose lupus. A healthcare professional makes the diagnosis based on the results of blood and urine tests, symptoms, medical history and a physical exam.

Laboratory tests

Blood and urine tests may include:

• Complete blood count. This test measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, as well as the amount of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells. Results may show you have anemia, which is common in lupus. Lupus also may cause a low white blood cell or platelet count.
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Also called sed rate, this blood test shows the amount of swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in the body. It measures the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube in an hour. A faster than standard rate may mean a condition linked with inflammation, such as lupus.
• C-reactive protein test (CRP). This is another blood test for measuring inflammation in the body.
• Kidney and liver tests. Blood tests can show how well your kidneys and liver work.
• Urine tests. A sample of your urine may show a higher protein level or red blood cells in the urine. This can happen if lupus affects your kidneys.
• Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. This test can show this type of antibodies, which attack the body's own tissues. Most people with lupus have a positive ANA test, but most people with a positive ANA do not have lupus. If you have a positive ANA test, you may need more testing.

Imaging tests

If lupus may be affecting your lungs or heart, you may have the following tests:

• Chest X-ray. An image of your chest may show shadows that suggest fluid or swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in your lungs.
• Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to show pictures of your beating heart. It can check for issues with your valves, heart function and other parts of your heart.

Biopsy

Lupus can harm your kidneys in many ways. Treatment may depend on the type of swelling and irritation, called inflammation, and damage. Sometimes, testing a small sample of kidney tissue can help show what the best treatment might be. A healthcare professional gets the sample with a needle guided by ultrasound.

Sometimes, a healthcare professional takes a sample of skin for study. This can confirm a diagnosis of lupus that affects the skin.

Treatment for lupus depends on your symptoms. Talk with your healthcare professional about the pros and cons of treatment and what medicines might work for you.

As your symptoms flare and get better, you may need to change medicines or dosages. The medicines used most often to manage lupus include:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs that you get without a prescription can treat pain, swelling and fever linked with lupus. NSAIDs include naproxen sodium (Aleve) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others).

  Your healthcare professional can prescribe stronger NSAIDs, if needed. Side effects of NSAIDs may include stomach bleeding, kidney damage and a higher risk of heart issues.

• Antimalarial drugs. Medicines mainly used to treat malaria, such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil, Sovuna), can help treat lupus and lower the risk of lupus flares. People with lupus often take them for years. Side effects may include stomach upset.

  Rarely, these medicines can damage the retina of the eye. Have regular eye exams while taking these medicines.

• Corticosteroids. Prednisone and other types of corticosteroids can help the swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of lupus. Side effects include weight gain, easy bruising, thinning bones, high blood pressure, diabetes and higher risk of infection. The risk of side effects rises with higher doses and longer use.

• Immunosuppressants. People with lupus may need to use medicines that suppress the immune system. Examples include azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate (Cellcept), methotrexate (Trexall, Xatmep, others), cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral, Gengraf) and leflunomide (Arava). Side effects may include a higher risk of infection, liver damage, being less fertile and a higher risk of cancer.

  A newer immunosuppressant, voclosporin (Lupkynis), treats lupus that affects the kidneys. Anifrolumab-fnia (Saphnelo) is another newer medicine for treating lupus.

• Biologics. You get this medicine, belimumab (Benlysta), through a vein. Side effects include upset stomach, loose stools and infections. Rarely, it can make depression worse.

  Rituximab (Rituxan, others) may help some people for whom other medicines haven't worked. Side effects include an allergic reaction and infections.

There are things you can do to help prevent lupus flares or to cope with the symptoms you have during a flare. Try to:

• Have regular checkups. Don't wait until your symptoms get worse. Having regular checkups may help prevent flares and help you with health concerns, such as stress, diet and exercise, that can lead to lupus complications.
• Be sun smart. Because sunlight can set off a flare, wear clothing that protects you when you're in the sun. This includes a hat, long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 55 every time you go outside.
• Get regular exercise. Exercise can help keep your bones strong, lower your risk of heart attack and help you feel better overall.
• Don't smoke. Smoking raises your risk of heart disease. Smoking can make the effects of lupus on your heart and blood vessels worse.
• Eat a healthy diet. A healthy diet focuses on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. You may need to restrict your diet if you have high blood pressure, kidney damage or stomach issues.
• Ask your healthcare professional about vitamin D and calcium supplements. Some studies suggest that taking vitamin D may help people with lupus. A calcium supplement can help you meet the daily 1,000 milligrams to 1,200 milligrams suggested for your age. This can help keep your bones healthy.

Sometimes people with lupus seek alternative or complementary medicines. None has been shown to affect the course of lupus. But you may find that some help with symptoms.

Talk with your healthcare professional before trying any of these treatments about the pros and cons and to find out if the treatments might get in the way of your lupus medicines.

Complementary and alternative treatments for lupus include:

• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Taking supplements that have this hormone with regular treatment may help cut lupus flares.
• Fish oil. Fish oil supplements have omega-3 fatty acids that may help people with lupus. Early studies found some promise, but fish oil needs more study. Side effects of fish oil supplements can include upset stomach, burping and a fishy taste in the mouth.
• Acupuncture. This therapy uses tiny needles put just under the skin. It may help ease the muscle pain linked with lupus.

Living with lupus raises your risk of depression, anxiety, stress and low self-esteem. To help you cope, try to:

• Learn all you can about lupus. Ask your healthcare team any questions you have about lupus. Also ask where to find other good sources. Knowing about lupus can help you feel better about your treatment choices.
• Turn to friends and family for support. Talk about lupus with your friends and family. Tell them ways they can help you when you have flares. Tell them when you're having a bad day so that they can help.
• Take time for yourself. This can help you cope with stress. Take time to read, meditate, listen to music or write in a journal. Do things that calm and renew you.
• Talk with others who have lupus. You can connect through support groups near you or through online message boards. Talking with others who have challenges like yours can give you comfort, support and ideas about coping with lupus.

You may start by seeing your main healthcare professional, who may refer you to a specialist in autoimmune conditions, called a rheumatologist.

Because the symptoms of lupus are like those of so many other conditions, your healthcare team must rule out other illnesses before diagnosing lupus. Depending on your symptoms, you may need to see other specialists to help with diagnosis and treatment.

What you can do

Before your appointment, make a list of:

• Your symptoms, when they began and what triggers them.
• Your medical history, including other conditions you have. List family members who had lupus or other autoimmune conditions.
• Medicines, vitamins and supplements you take, including dosages.
• Questions to ask your healthcare team.

Questions to ask might include:

• What might be causing my symptoms?
• What tests do I need?
• Are there treatments or lifestyle changes that might help my symptoms now?
• Should I see a specialist?

Be sure to ask all the questions you have.

What to expect from your doctor

Your healthcare team may ask:

• Does being in the sun cause you to get skin rashes?
• Do your fingers become pale, numb or painful in the cold?
• How much do your symptoms get in the way of school, work or relationships?
• Are you pregnant or do you plan to become pregnant?