概述

前列腺切除术是一种切除部分或全部前列腺的手术。前列腺是男性生殖系统的一部分,位于骨盆内的膀胱下方。前列腺包围着称为尿道的空心管,尿道将尿液从膀胱运送到阴茎。

前列腺切除术可治疗某些累及前列腺的状况。它多用于治疗前列腺癌。

根据具体状况,前列腺切除术可通过几种不同的方法完成。例如,有时可以通过小开口(也称为切口)进行手术。这称为微创手术。如果您选择这种方案,外科医生甚至可以通过控制机器人设备来辅助完成手术。有时,手术需要通过较大的开口进行。这称为传统开放手术。

Types

Radical prostatectomy is a surgery that takes out the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissue. This surgery is done to treat prostate cancer. Sometimes nearby lymph nodes also are taken out.

  • Open radical prostatectomy. In this traditional open surgery, a surgeon takes out the prostate through a single long cut, also called an incision.
  • Open radical retropubic prostatectomy. This is a type of open radical prostatectomy that's done through a long cut in the lower belly.
  • Open radical perineal prostatectomy. This is a type of open radical prostatectomy that's done through a long cut in the area between the anus and the scrotum. This area is called the perineum. This surgery isn't commonly done because it's more likely to cause trouble with erections and does not allow for lymph node removal. However, it may be less painful and have an easier recovery compared with a retropubic approach.
  • Radical laparoscopic prostatectomy. In this type of surgery, the prostate is taken out with tools inserted through several small cuts in the lower belly rather than through one large cut. This approach is now more common than open surgery. And it's usually done with robotic assistance. Because it's done through the lower belly, it's also considered a retropubic approach.
  • Robot-assisted radical laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). A robotic prostatectomy is a common type of laparoscopic surgery. A surgeon sits at a control panel called a console and uses it to move surgical tools that are attached to robotic arms. The tools usually are inserted through several small cuts in the lower belly. Because the surgery is done through the lower belly, it's also considered a retropubic approach. Less often, the surgery is done through a larger cut in the perineum, which is called a perineal approach. A robotic prostatectomy lets the surgeon operate with precise movements. As a result, robotic prostatectomy may cause less pain and bleeding than open surgery. Recovery time also may be shorter.
  • Nerve-sparing prostatectomy. For this procedure, the surgeon uses one of the approaches described to take out the prostate while trying not to injure the nerves that play a role in erections. This may not be possible if the cancer is very close to the nerves. In that case, a non-nerve-sparing prostatectomy may be needed.

Simple prostatectomy, sometimes called partial prostatectomy, is a surgery that takes out most of the inner part of the prostate. It leaves the outer part intact. This surgery is usually done to ease symptoms of a very enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A simple prostatectomy is most often done using a laparoscopic and robotic approach through small cuts in the lower belly. Because it's done through the lower belly, it's also considered a retropubic approach. A simple prostatectomy can be done as a:

  • Laparoscopic simple prostatectomy.
  • Robotic simple prostatectomy.
  • Open simple prostatectomy.

妙佑医疗国际的泌尿科医生使用先进的内镜技术解决前列腺肿大症状,在大多数情况下无需进行开放式、腹腔镜或机器人手术。

Your surgical team talks with you about the pros and cons of each technique. You also talk about your preferences. Together, you and your surgical team decide which approach is best for you.

目的

前列腺切除术通常用于治疗尚未扩散到前列腺以外的癌症。整个前列腺及其周围的一些组织都会被切除。这种手术称为根治性前列腺切除术。在手术过程中,可能还会切除周围任何结构异常的淋巴结,并检查是否有癌症。根治性前列腺切除术可单独进行,也可与放射治疗或激素治疗联合进行。

外科医生可以使用不同技术进行根治性前列腺切除术,包括:

  • 机器人辅助根治性前列腺切除术。 外科医生会在您的下腹区域做 5 到 6 个小切口,以切除前列腺。外科医生会坐在电脑控制台前,控制连接在机器人手臂上的手术工具。在机器人辅助手术中,外科医生能够以精确的动作进行操作。与开放式手术相比,这可能会缓解疼痛、缩短恢复时间。
  • 开放性根治性前列腺切除术。 外科医生通常会在小腹上做一个切口,以切除前列腺。

前列腺切除术可以治疗癌症以外的其他健康状况。针对这些情况,通常会切除部分前列腺,也就是单纯前列腺切除术。对于一些泌尿系统症状严重、前列腺严重肿大的患者来说,这也是一种可选的治疗方案。前列腺肿大被称为良性前列腺增生(BPH)。

单纯前列腺切除术通常会在机器人辅助下以微创手术的形式进行。现在已不再经常采用开放式手术。

治疗 BPH 的单纯前列腺切除术仅切除阻塞尿流的前列腺部分。该手术减轻了因尿流阻塞而引起的泌尿症状和并发症,包括:

  • 尿频、尿急。
  • 排尿困难。
  • 排尿缓慢(排尿时间延长)。
  • 夜间排尿多于平时。
  • 排尿断断续续。
  • 尿不尽。
  • 尿路感染。
  • 无法排尿。

妙佑医疗国际的泌尿科医生在大多数情况下使用先进的内镜技术,无需切口即可解决这些症状。

手术团队会与您讨论每种技术的利弊。你们还会探讨您的个人喜好。您和您的手术团队将共同决定哪种方法最适合您。

一位医生正在给患者看诊。 解释前列腺切除术的方案

妙佑医疗国际的泌尿科医生在解释前列腺切除术的方案。

风险

You may wonder if you can survive or live without a prostate. The answer is yes. Prostatectomy, like any surgery, comes with some risks and side effects. Your healthcare team works to lower these risks.

根治性前列腺切除术的风险

任何手术都存在风险。根治性前列腺切除术的风险包括:

  • 出血。
  • 尿路感染。
  • 膀胱失控,也称为尿失禁。这项症状往往随着时间的推移而消失。
  • 难以达到并保持足够的勃起硬度来完成性行为,这也称为勃起功能障碍。
  • 尿液排出体外的管道(尿道)变窄。或者膀胱颈(尿道和膀胱的交汇处)变窄。
  • 淋巴液积聚。
  • 罕见情况下,会损伤肠道或直肠。

在妙佑医疗国际,执行前列腺切除术的泌尿科医师针对该项手术的各个方面接受过高级培训并拥有丰富经验。这种专业实力在很大程度上源自于治疗人数众多:妙佑医疗国际开展的机器人手术比世界上任何其他地方都多。此外,妙佑医疗拥有不同专业领域的医务人员,共同开展管理式医疗护理。这可确保最低的并发症发生率,并为接受该手术的患者提供最佳治疗效果。

单纯前列腺切除术的风险

单纯前列腺切除术能很好地缓解排尿症状。但与其他一些前列腺肿大治疗方法相比,其并发症风险更高,恢复时间更长。这些治疗方法包括经尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)、激光 PVP 手术钬激光前列腺手术(HoLEP)。

单纯前列腺切除术的风险包括:

  • 出血。
  • 尿路感染。
  • 尿失禁。
  • 射精时,精液会进入膀胱,而非通过阴茎排出体外。这种情况称为逆向射精。
  • 勃起功能障碍。
  • 开放式手术之后,尿道或膀胱颈狭窄。

When to get medical help

Some side effects are to be expected, but sometimes they may need medical attention.

Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have:

  • New pain, swelling, redness, firmness or numbness in one leg, especially if it's in the lower calf.
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Chest pain or blackouts.

Call your care team right away if you have:

  • A clogged catheter, reduced amount of urine or a catheter that falls out.
  • Urine that's thick, red and ketchuplike or has clots of blood the size of a small grape or larger.
  • Difficult or painful urination.
  • Decreased force of urine or not being able to urinate for more than four hours after the catheter is removed.

Call your care team soon if you have:

  • New pain or pain not helped by pain medicine.
  • Signs of infection such as a temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) or higher; increasing pain, tenderness or swelling; or foul-smelling drainage or a change in skin color around an incision. This change may be a shade of red, purple or brown depending on your skin color.
  • Big change in how your urine smells.
  • Leakage or drainage around the catheter more than several times a day for the first few days after surgery. Also call if urine drainage around the catheter is more than the amount going into the drainage bag.
  • Bladder spasms, cramping or bruising in your lower back, just under your ribs on either side of your backbone.
  • Incision edges that come apart.
  • Upset stomach or vomiting.

如何进行准备

术前,外科医生可能会使用窥镜检查尿道和膀胱内部,这称为膀胱镜检查。膀胱镜检查可让外科医生检查前列腺大小,并检查泌尿系统。外科医生还有可能需要做其他检查。其中包括血液检查,或者测量前列腺和尿流的检查。

治疗前,请谨遵手术团队的医嘱行事。

饮食和用药

与外科医护团队讨论以下内容:

  • 您的药物。 请将您使用的任何药物或补充剂(无论是否需要处方)告知手术团队。如果您使用华法林或氯吡格雷(Plavix)等血液稀释药物,这一点尤为重要。如果您使用不需要处方即可销售的止痛药,也请务必告知医护团队。其中包括阿司匹林、布洛芬(Advil、Motrin IB 等)和萘普生钠(Aleve)。外科医生可能会要求您在手术前数日停用可能增加出血风险的药物。
  • 药物过敏或反应。 告知手术团队您对药物的任何过敏或反应。
  • 手术前禁食。 外科医生可能会要求您在午夜之后避免进食和饮水。在手术当日早晨,只用一小口水送服外科医生告知您服用的药物。
  • 术前肠道准备。 术前,医生会为您提供工具包和操作说明,以帮助您清理肠道。该工具包中的物品可以帮助您将水注入直肠,从而排空大便。这就是进行自我灌肠。

衣物和个人物品

做好计划,避免在手术期间佩戴以下物品:

  • 首饰。
  • 框架眼镜。
  • 隐形眼镜。
  • 假牙。

手术后的安排

询问外科医生您将在医院待多久。您需要提前安排他人开车送您回家。您自己在手术之后不能马上开车。

活动限制

在手术后的几周内,您可能无法工作或做剧烈活动。请询问外科医生,了解您需要多长时间才能恢复。

可能出现的情况

术前

大多数情况下,前列腺切除术会使用药物来防止疼痛,并让您处于类似睡眠的状态。这称为全身麻醉。外科医生也会在术前给您开具抗生素,帮助您避免发生细菌感染。

术中

  • 机器人辅助根治性前列腺切除术。 外科医生会坐在离您和手术台不远的远程控制台上。外科医生使用双手和手指操纵装置,精确控制手术工具的动作。控制台显示手术区域的三维放大视图。与传统腹腔镜手术相比,它能让外科医生更详细地查看手术过程。

    机器人系统可以让外科医生做出更小、更精确的切口。与传统开放式手术相比,这能帮助一些人更快地恢复。机器人方法还能帮助外科医生保留前列腺两侧连接的神经。这可以避免一些年轻人在手术过程中因神经损伤而导致勃起功能障碍。

  • 开放性根治性前列腺切除术。 外科医生会在您的下腹部(从肚脐以下到耻骨上方)做一个切口。随后会将前列腺与周围的神经和血管小心地分离开来。然后,外科医生会切除前列腺和附近的组织。再用缝合线缝合切口。
  • 单纯前列腺切除术。 手术开始时,外科医生可能会通过阴茎头插入一个细长的柔性观察镜,称为膀胱镜。这可以让外科医生看到尿道、膀胱和前列腺区域的内部情况。然后,外科医生会将一根叫做导管的管子插入阴茎头。导管会伸入膀胱,以便在手术过程中排出尿液。切口的位置取决于外科医生使用的技术。如果伴有疝气或膀胱状况,外科医生可能会借此手术加以修复。

    一旦外科医生切除了导致症状的前列腺部分,就会插入 1 到 2 根引流管。导管会通过在手术部位附近的皮肤穿刺的方式置入。一根管子直接通向膀胱,另一根管子通向切除前列腺的区域。最终,管子会被移除。

术后

术后,您需要注意以下事项:

  • 您可能会通过静脉注射(IV)接受止痛药。 静脉输液管取出后,外科医生可能会给您开处方止痛药。
  • 外科医生可能会在手术当天或术后第二天让您下床行走。 躺在床上时,您还需要做运动来活动双脚。
  • 您可以在术后一到两天回家。 当外科医生认为您可以安全回家时,就会取出盆腔引流管。一到两周后,您需要回到外科医生那里拆线。
  • 您回家时可能需要留置导尿管。 大多数人在术后 7 至 10 天需要使用导尿管。术后可能需要一年时间才能完全恢复排尿控制。

确保了解术后需要采取的自我护理措施。此外,您还要了解需要遵守的任何限制,例如驾车或抬举重物的限制:

  • 您需要在一段时间内缓慢恢复活动水平。 您应该能够在大约 4 到 6 周内恢复日常活动。
  • 您需要到医疗护理专业人员处复诊几次,以确保一切正常。 大多数人都会在接受前列腺切除术的大约六周后到医疗护理专业人员处复诊。在术后的第一年,每三个月做一次检查,第二年改为半年一次。如果您有任何健康问题或顾虑,可能需要提早或更频繁地前往医疗护理专业人员处复诊。
  • 术后恢复后,您很可能可以恢复性活动。 接受单纯前列腺切除术后,您仍然可以达到性高潮。但射精量可能很少,甚至没有射精。请咨询外科医生,您需要多长时间才能恢复正常勃起并保持足够的勃起硬度来完成性行为。有些年纪较大的人在术后可能无法恢复性功能。

结果

与开放性前列腺切除术相比,机器人辅助前列腺切除术可能带来以下效果:

  • 减少疼痛和失血。
  • 减少组织创伤。
  • 缩短住院时间。
  • 加快恢复速度。

通常可以在手术后约 4 个星期左右恢复正常活动,但有轻微的限制。

单纯前列腺切除术可长期缓解因前列腺肿大引起的泌尿系统症状。在治疗前列腺肿大的医疗程序中,这种方式最具侵入性,但很少出现严重的并发症。术后,大多数 BPH 患者不需要任何后续治疗。

Simple prostatectomy

A simple prostatectomy usually provides long-term relief of urinary symptoms due to an enlarged prostate. It's the most invasive procedure to treat an enlarged prostate, but serious complications are rare. Most people who have the surgery don't need any follow-up treatment for BPH.

临床试验

探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。

Feb. 21, 2025
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