概述

神经母细胞瘤是一种起源于神经母细胞的癌症。神经母细胞是未成熟的神经细胞。它们存在于身体的多个部位。

神经母细胞瘤最常发生于肾上腺中的神经母细胞。肾上腺位于每侧肾脏的顶部。这些腺体分泌调控重要身体功能的激素。含有神经母细胞并可能形成神经母细胞瘤的其他身体部位包括脊柱、腹部、胸部和颈部。

神经母细胞瘤通常影响 5 岁及以下儿童。症状因其在体内的发生部位而异。

某些类型的神经母细胞瘤可能自愈。其他类型的神经母细胞瘤则需要治疗。治疗方法包括手术、化疗、放射疗法和骨髓移植。医疗护理团队将选择最适合您孩子的神经母细胞瘤治疗方法。

症状

神经母细胞瘤的体征和症状因身体受累部位的不同而异。这种癌症起源于被称为神经母细胞的未成熟神经细胞。神经母细胞存在于身体的多个部位。

腹部神经母细胞瘤可能引发以下症状:

  • 腹部疼痛。
  • 皮下肿块,通常触之不痛。
  • 腹泻或便秘。

胸部神经母细胞瘤可能引发以下症状:

  • 哮鸣。
  • 呼吸困难。
  • 眼睛变化,包括眼睑下垂和瞳孔大小不等。

其他可能提示神经母细胞瘤的症状包括:

  • 皮下组织肿块。
  • 眼球看上去从眼眶中向外鼓出。
  • 眼睛周围类似瘀伤的黑眼圈。
  • 背痛。
  • 发热。
  • 非刻意的体重下降。
  • 骨痛。

何时就诊

Contact your child's healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you. Mention any changes in your child's behavior, habits or appearance.

病因

神经母细胞瘤的病因尚不明确。这种癌症起源于被称为神经母细胞的未成熟神经细胞。神经母细胞存在于身体的多个部位。

神经母细胞瘤起源于神经母细胞的 DNA 发生变化。细胞的 DNA 含有指示细胞工作的指令。在健康细胞中,DNA 会发出指令让细胞以一定的速度生长和增殖。这些指令会指示细胞在设定的时间死亡。而在癌细胞中,DNA 的变化给出了不同的指令。这些变化指示癌细胞快速生长和增殖。在正常细胞应该死亡时,癌细胞仍继续存活。这会导致细胞过多。

癌细胞可能形成一个肿块,称为肿瘤。肿瘤可能生长、侵入并破坏健康的机体组织。随着时间的推移,癌细胞可能会脱离原发病灶并扩散至身体其他部位。发生扩散的癌症被称为转移性癌。

风险因素

儿童患神经母细胞瘤的风险较高。这种癌症最常见于 5 岁及以下儿童人群。

有神经母细胞瘤家族史的儿童可能更易罹患这种疾病。但是医疗护理专业人员认为只有少数神经母细胞瘤是遗传性的。

目前尚无预防神经母细胞瘤的已知方法。

并发症

神经母细胞瘤的并发症可能包括:

  • 癌症扩散。 随着时间推移,癌细胞可能扩散到身体其他部位。神经母细胞瘤细胞最常扩散到淋巴结、骨髓、肝脏、皮肤和骨骼。发生扩散的癌症被称为转移性癌。
  • 脊髓受压。 神经母细胞瘤可能增大并压迫脊髓,造成脊髓受压。脊髓受压可能导致疼痛和瘫痪。
  • 癌症分泌物引发的症状。 神经母细胞瘤细胞可能分泌刺激其他组织的化学物质。受刺激的组织可能引发被称为副肿瘤综合征的症状。副肿瘤综合征的症状可能包括快速眼动和协调障碍。其他症状包括腹部肿胀和腹泻。

Sept. 30, 2025

Living with 神经母细胞瘤?

Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the Blood Cancers & Disorders support group on Mayo Clinic Connect, a patient community.

Blood Cancers & Disorders Discussions

hikerny
Anyone have chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

139 Replies Fri, Oct 03, 2025

martetom
Will soon have a Bone Marrow Transplant: What can I expect?

24 Replies Fri, Oct 03, 2025

anavleek
Essential thrombocythemia (ET): When to start hydroxyurea (HU)?

88 Replies Fri, Oct 03, 2025

See more discussions
  1. Shohet JM, et al. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and staging evaluation of neuroblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  2. Shohet JM, et al. Treatment and prognosis of neuroblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  3. Bunik M, et al., eds. Neoplastic disease. In: Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics. 26th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2022. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed Oct. 12, 2024.
  4. Neuroblastoma treatment (PDQ) – Patient version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/patient/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq. Accessed Oct. 12, 2024.
  5. National Library of Medicine. Neuroblastoma. Genetics Home Reference. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/neuroblastoma. Accessed Oct. 12, 2024.
  6. Kliegman RM, et al. Neuroblastoma. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier; 2025. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  7. Niederhuber JE, et al., eds. Pediatric solid tumors. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 12, 2024.
  8. Types of cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types. Accessed Oct. 12, 2024.
  9. Neuroblastoma. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1520. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  10. COG Institution Locations. Children's Oncology Group. https://www.childrensoncologygroup.org/apps/instmap/default.aspx. Accessed Nov. 13, 2024.
  11. Paraneoplastic syndrome. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/paraneoplastic-syndrome. Accessed Dec. 19, 2024.
  12. Blood tests. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/blood-tests. Accessed Dec. 19, 2024.
  13. Stem cell transplants in cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/stem-cell-transplant. Accessed Dec. 19, 2024.
  14. Shohet JM, et al. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathology of neuroblastoma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  15. Neuroblastoma. Dorland's Medical Dictionary Online. https://www.dorlandsonline.com. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  16. Blast. Dorland's Medical Dictionary Online. https://www.dorlandsonline.com. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  17. Pediatric CT. RadiologyInfo.org. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/pedia-ct. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  18. Pediatric MRI. RadiologyInfo.org. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/pediatric-mri. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  19. Pediatric nuclear medicine. RadiologyInfo.org. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/nuclear-pdi. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  20. Fact sheet: MIBG imaging and radionuclide therapy. Society of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging. https://snmmi.org/Patients/Patients/Fact-Sheets/MIBG-Imaging-and-Radionuclide-Therapy.aspx. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  21. Brisse HJ, et al. Guidelines for imaging and staging of neuroblastic tumors: Consensus report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project. Radiology. 2011; doi:10.1148/radiol.11101352.
  22. Dmochowski RR, et al., eds. Pediatric urologic oncology: Renal and adrenal. In: Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2026. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 17, 2025.
  23. Histology. Dorland's Medical Dictionary Online. https://www.dorlandsonline.com. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  24. Proton beam therapy. RT Answers. https://www.rtanswers.org/cancer-types/brain-tumors/treatment-types/proton-beam-therapy. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  25. Unituxin (prescribing information). United Therapeutics; 2020. https://www.unituxin.com. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  26. Danyelza (prescribing information). Y-mAbs Therapeutics; 2024. https://www.danyelza.com. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  27. Iwilfin (prescribing information). USWM; 2024. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&varApplNo=215500. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  28. Relapse. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/relapse. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  29. Recurrence. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/recurrence. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  30. Refractory cancer. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/refractory-cancer. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  31. Search results. ClinicalTrials.gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=neuroblastoma. Accessed July 18, 2025.
  32. Irwin MS, et al. Revised neuroblastoma risk classification system: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2021; doi:10.1200/JCO.21.00278.
  33. Weiner MA, et al. Neuroblastoma. In: Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Secrets. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 23, 2025.
  34. New diagnosis guide. Children's Oncology Group. https://childrensoncologygroup.org/cog-family-handbook. Accessed July 24, 2025.
  35. Family handbook. Children's Oncology Group. https://childrensoncologygroup.org/cog-family-handbook. Accessed July 24, 2025.