概述

血色素沉着症是会导致身体从食物中吸收过多铁的状况。过多铁储存在器官中,尤其是肝脏、心脏和胰腺。铁过多可能会导致危及生命的状况,例如肝病、心脏问题和糖尿病。

血色素沉着症有数种类型,但最常见的类型是由家族遗传的基因改变引起。这种基因的携带者中,只有少数人会出现严重的问题。症状通常在中年出现。

治疗包括定期抽血。由于体内的很多铁都包含在红细胞中,因此这种治疗方法可降低铁水平。

症状

有些血色素沉着症患者从未出现过症状。早期症状通常会与其他常见状况的症状重叠。

症状可能包括:

  • 关节疼痛。
  • 腹部疼痛。
  • 疲劳。
  • 无力。
  • 糖尿病。
  • 性欲丧失。
  • 阳痿。
  • 心力衰竭。
  • 肝衰竭。
  • 肤色呈青铜色或发灰。
  • 记忆模糊。

症状通常何时出现

最常见的一种血色素沉着症是遗传性血色素沉着症。但大多数患者直到晚年才会出现症状,男性通常在 40 岁以后,而女性通常在 60 岁以后。女性患者的症状更有可能在绝经以后出现,因为此时她们不会再因为月经和怀孕而流失铁元素。

何时就诊

如果出现血色素沉着症的任何症状,请咨询医务人员。如果有直系亲属患有血色素沉着症,请向医护团队咨询基因检测。基因检测可以检查您是否遗传了可能增加患血色素沉着症风险的基因。

病因

血色素沉着症最常见的病因是某种基因的改变。这种基因控制人体从食物中吸收铁的量。改变的基因会从父母遗传给子女。这种类型的血色素沉着症是迄今为止最常见的类型,被称为遗传性血色素沉着症。

引发血色素沉着症的基因突变

称为 HFE 的基因是导致遗传性血色素沉着症的最常见的病因。您可能会从父母双方各遗传一个 HFE 基因。HFE 基因有两种常见的突变,即 C282Y 和 H63D。基因检测可确定 HFE 基因是否存在这些变化。

  • 如果遗传了两个变化基因,则您可能会患上血色素沉着症。您也可能将变化基因传给您的孩子。但遗传了两种基因的人不一定会发生与血色素沉着症铁过载相关的问题。
  • 如果遗传了一个变化基因,则您不太可能患上血色素沉着症。然而,您会被认为是携带者,并且可能将变化基因遗传给您的孩子。但只要孩子没有从父母另一方遗传获得另一种变化基因,就不会患病。

Causes of secondary or acquired iron overload

Some iron overload is not caused by a gene change passed on in families. Examples include the following:

  • Neonatal hemochromatosis is a serious disease where iron builds up quickly in the liver of a baby while in the womb. It is thought to be an autoimmune disease, in which the body attacks itself.
  • Secondary iron overload can be caused by another condition that causes the intestines to absorb too much iron, such as liver disease, or by too much alcohol. Or it can be caused by too much iron in the body, such as from too many blood transfusions to treat anemia or other conditions. Less often, secondary iron overload can happen from taking too much of an iron supplement.

Diet alone usually does not cause iron overload. But, rarely, some people of African and African American descent may be at increased risk from a diet too high in iron. This is likely due to a gene change passed down in families.

How iron overload affects the organs

Iron plays an important role in several body functions, including helping to produce blood. But too much iron is toxic.

A hormone secreted by the liver, called hepcidin, controls how iron is used and absorbed in the body. It also controls how excess iron is stored in various organs. In hemochromatosis, the role of hepcidin is affected, causing the body to absorb more iron than it needs.

In other iron overload disease, the body does not absorb too much iron from food. Instead, it usually happens from too many blood transfusions.

In hemochromatosis and other iron overload disease, excess iron is stored in major organs, especially the liver. Over a period of years, the stored iron can cause severe damage that may lead to organ failure. It also can lead to long-lasting diseases, such as cirrhosis, diabetes and heart failure. Many people have gene changes that cause hemochromatosis. However, not everyone develops iron overload to a degree that causes tissue and organ damage.

风险因素

增加患血色素沉着症风险的因素包括:

  • 携带两个 HFE 突变基因。 这是导致遗传性血色素沉着症的最大风险因素。
  • 家族史。 有血色素沉着症的父母或兄弟姐妹会增加患病的可能性。
  • 种族。 北欧血统的人群比其他种族背景的人群更易患遗传性血色素沉着症。血色素沉着症在非裔、西班牙裔和亚裔中较为少见。
  • 性别。 男性比女性更容易在较早的年龄出现血色素沉着症的症状。因为女性在月经和怀孕期间会流失铁元素,所以她们储存的矿物质往往比男性少。女性在绝经或子宫切除后患血色素沉着症的风险会增加。

并发症

如果不加以治疗,血色素沉着症可能会导致严重并发症。这些并发症尤其会影响关节和通常储存过量铁的器官(例如肝脏、胰腺和心脏)。并发症可能包括:

  • 肝脏问题。 肝硬化(肝脏的永久性瘢痕形成)仅仅是可能出现的并发症之一。肝硬化会增加患肝癌和其他危及生命的并发症的风险。
  • 糖尿病。 胰腺损伤可能会导致糖尿病。
  • 心脏问题。 心脏中铁过量会影响心脏循环充分血液以满足身体需求的能力。这称为充血性心力衰竭。血色素沉着症还可能会导致心律不齐(称为心律失常)。
  • 生殖问题。 铁过量可能会导致男性勃起功能障碍和性欲丧失,可能会导致女性月经失调。
  • 皮肤颜色改变。 皮肤细胞中的铁沉积可能会使皮肤呈青铜色或发灰。

Jan. 09, 2025
  1. Feldman M, et al., eds. Hemochromatosis. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Sept. 23, 2024.
  2. Ferri FF. Hemochromatosis. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2025. Elsevier; 2025. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Sept. 23, 2024.
  3. Hemochromatosis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/hemochromatosis. Accessed Sept. 23, 2024.
  4. Torbenson MS, et al. Hemochromatosis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2022; doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.12.008.
  5. Kellerman RD, et al. Hemochromatosis. In: Conn's Current Therapy 2024. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Sept. 23, 2024.
  6. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Dec. 6, 2020.

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