Valley fever

Valley fever is a fungal infection. Coccidioides (kok-sid-e-OI-deze) organisms are the cause. Also called San Joaquin Valley fever, it can cause symptoms such as a fever, cough and tiredness.

Two coccidioides fungi species cause valley fever. These fungi are commonly found in soil in specific areas. Farming, construction, wind and anything else that disturbs the soil may send the fungi's spores into the air.

People can then breathe the fungi into their lungs. The fungi can cause valley fever, also known as acute coccidioidomycosis (kok-sid-e-oi-doh-my-KOH-sis). Valley fever may be mild and get better without treatment. People who have a serious valley fever illness may need antifungal medicines.

Symptoms of coccidioidomycosis depend on the form of the infection. Valley fever is the first, also called acute, stage of coccidioidomycosis infection. This acute illness can become more serious. More serious illness includes long-term, called chronic, coccidioidomycosis and coccidioidomycosis that spreads, called disseminated coccidioidomycosis.

Acute coccidioidomycosis, also called valley fever

The first, also called acute, form of coccidioidomycosis often has few or no symptoms. Symptoms may start 1 to 3 weeks after contact with the fungus.

Symptoms tend to be like flu symptoms. Symptoms can range from minor to serious, including:

• Fever.
• Cough.
• Tiredness.
• Shortness of breath.
• Chest pain when breathing in.
• Night sweats.
• Headache.
• Joint pain, mainly in the ankles, knees and wrists.
• Rash.

For people who get symptoms, especially serious ones, the course of the illness varies from person to person. It can take months to fully recover. Tiredness and joint aches can last even longer.

Chest X-ray is often not typical and looks like pneumonia.

Ongoing, called chronic, coccidioidomycosis

If the first coccidioidomycosis infection doesn't clear up all the way, it may move to an ongoing form of pneumonia. This complication is most common in people with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms include:

• Low-grade fever.
• Weight loss.
• Cough. Coughing may cause blood-tinged mucus.
• Chest pain.
• Areas of infection, called nodules, cavities or scarring in the lungs.

Coccidioidomycosis that spreads, called disseminated

This most serious form of the condition isn't common. It happens when the infection spreads, called disseminates, from the lungs to other parts of the body. It mainly spreads to the skin, bones, liver, brain, heart, and the membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges.

Symptoms of disseminated disease depend on the body parts affected. They may include:

• Nodules and skin sores that are more serious than the rash that sometimes happens with the first form of the infection.
• Painful sores in the spine, legs and knees or other bones.
• Painful, swollen joints, mainly in the knees or ankles.
• An infection of the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis.

Seek medical care if you have symptoms of valley fever if you are older than 60, have a weakened immune system, are pregnant, or you're Filipino or African. (5p3) Seeking care is most important if you:

• Live in or have recently traveled to an area where this illness is common.
• Have symptoms that aren't getting better.

Be sure to tell your healthcare professional if you've traveled to a place where valley fever is common.

Breathing in spores of certain fungi causes valley fever. The fungi that cause valley fever are Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. They live in the soil in parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Texas and Washington. The fungi also are in northern Mexico and Central and South America.

The wind carries the tiny spores. Once inside the lungs, the spores grow and turn into the main form of the fungus in the body.

Risk factors for valley fever include:

• Being in an area where the fungi are common. Anyone who breaths in the spores that cause valley fever is at risk of infection. People who live in areas where the fungi are common and spend time outdoors are at greater risk. Also, people who have jobs that expose them to dust in areas where the fungi are common are most at risk. Jobs include construction, road and farm work, and ranching. People who study the past by digging up relics, called archaeologists, and people training for the military also have a higher risk.
• Being of certain races. Experts don't know why, but people whose families are from the Philippines and Africa are more likely to get serious fungal infections from this condition.
• Being pregnant. Pregnant people are more likely to get serious infections when they get the infection during the third trimester or right after their babies are born.
• Having a weakened immune system. Some people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of serious complications. This includes people living with AIDS or those being treated with steroids or medicines to keep from rejecting donor organs. People who take certain medicines for conditions in which their immune systems attack their bodies have a higher risk of infection. These conditions are called autoimmune conditions. They include rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
• Having diabetes. People with diabetes may have a higher risk of certain lung infections.
• Being older. Older adults are more likely to get valley fever. This may be because their immune systems get weaker with age or because they have other medical conditions.

Complications of coccidioidomycosis may include:

• Serious pneumonia. Most people who have coccidioidomycosis-related pneumonia get better without complications. Others, such as people whose families are from the Philippines or Africa and those with weakened immune systems may get very ill.
• Burst lung cavities. A small percentage of people get thin-walled nodules, also called cavities, in their lungs. Many nodules and cavities go away without causing any issues. But some cavities may burst. This causes chest pain and trouble breathing. Treatment for a burst lung nodule might involve putting a tube into the space around the lungs to remove the air or surgery to fix the damage.
• Disseminated disease. This is the most serious complication of coccidioidomycosis. It's not common. If the fungus spreads, called disseminates, through the body, it can cause serious health issues. These may include skin sores, joint pain, swelling and irritation, called inflammation. It also can cause an infection, called meningitis, of the membranes and fluid covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis may be fatal if not treated.

There is no vaccine to prevent valley fever.

If you live in or visit areas where valley fever is common, take steps to prevent infection. The dry season following a rainy season is when the chance of infection is highest.

Try these tips:

• Wear a mask.
• Stay clear of very dusty areas, such as construction sites.
• Stay inside during dust storms.
• Wet the soil before digging in it. Stay away from the soil if you're at higher risk of infection.
• Keep doors and windows tightly closed.
• Clean skin injuries with soap and water.