概述

威尔逊氏症是一种罕见的遗传性医疗状况,会导致多个器官中积聚的铜水平过高,尤其是肝脏、脑和眼睛。确诊的威尔逊氏症患者大多数介于 5 至 35 岁之间,但是低于和高于此年龄段的人群也可能患上此病。

铜对健康神经、骨骼、胶原蛋白和皮肤黑色素的形成至关重要。您通常从膳食中摄取铜。肝脏会产生一种名为胆汁的物质,可将任何多余的铜排出体内。

但威尔逊氏症患者无法正常将铜排出;相反,铜会在体内积聚。如果不予以治疗,可能会危及生命。如果尽早诊断,威尔逊氏症是可以治疗的,且很多患者都能恢复正常生活。

症状

威尔逊氏症在出生时即存在,但直到脑、肝、眼睛或其他器官中的铜水平升高时才会出现症状。症状因受累的身体部位而异。

这些症状可能包括:

  • 疲倦和食欲减退。
  • 皮肤和眼白发黄(黄疸)。
  • 眼睛虹膜周围有金棕色或铜色圆环,称为角膜色素环。
  • 腿部或腹部积液。
  • 言语、吞咽或身体协调问题。
  • 抑郁、情绪变化和性格改变。
  • 难以入睡和难以保持深度睡眠状态。
  • 动作失控或肌肉僵硬。

何时就医

如果您出现了让您担忧的症状,尤其是当已有一名家庭成员就患有威尔逊氏症时,请与您的医生或其他初级保健医生约诊。

病因

威尔逊氏症是从父母双方各遗传到一个发生改变的基因引起的。如果只遗传到一个受影响的基因,则自身不会患病,但将成为基因携带者。这意味着您可能会将受影响的基因遗传给孩子。

风险因素

如果您的父母或兄弟姐妹患有威尔逊氏症,则您的患病风险可能较高。请咨询医生,您是否应接受基因检测以查明是否患有威尔逊氏症。尽早诊断此医疗状况可极大提高成功治疗的几率。

并发症

如果威尔逊氏症得不到治疗,有时可能导致死亡。严重的并发症包括:

  • 肝脏瘢痕形成,也称为肝硬化。肝细胞试图修复因铜水平过高导致的损伤,肝脏内随之形成瘢痕组织。这增加了肝脏正常工作的难度。
  • 肝功能衰竭。这种情况可能突然发生,被称为急性肝衰竭或失代偿性威尔逊氏症。也可能在数年中缓慢进展。肝移植或许是一个治疗选项。
  • 持久的神经系统问题。治疗威尔逊氏症后,震颤、非自主肌肉运动、笨拙步态和言语障碍通常会得到改善。但有些人即使接受了治疗,也依然存在神经系统问题。
  • 肾脏问题。威尔逊氏症会损害肾脏,导致肾结石和尿中氨基酸排泄异常等问题。
  • 心理健康问题。其中可能包括性格变化、抑郁症、易激惹、双相障碍或精神病。
  • 血液问题。其中可能包括红细胞受到破坏,即溶血。这会导致贫血和黄疸。

Dec. 27, 2025
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