概述

周围神经将信息从大脑和脊髓发送至身体其余部位。它们有助于执行感知脚部是否寒冷,以及移动肌肉以便行走等任务。周围神经由被周围组织隔开的纤维(称为轴突)组成,

不仅脆弱,而且容易受到损伤。神经损伤可影响大脑与肌肉和器官沟通的能力。对周围神经的损伤称为周围神经病。

尽快对周围神经损伤进行医学治疗很重要。早期诊断和治疗可以预防并发症和永久性损伤。

症状

周围神经损伤时,您可能出现一些症状,从轻微至严重限制您的日常活动不等。症状通常决于哪些神经纤维受损:

  • 运动神经。这些神经负责在您的意识控制下调节所有肌肉,例如用于行走、交谈或者握住物品的肌肉。这些神经损伤一般伴随肌无力、痛性痉挛和不受控制的肌肉抽搐。
  • 感觉神经。因为这些神经负责传递触觉、温度和疼痛信息,所以您可能会出现各种症状。包括手脚麻木或刺痛。您可能难以感觉到疼痛或温度变化、难以步行、闭上眼睛时难以保持自身平衡或者难以扣上扣子。
  • 自主神经。这组神经负责调节不受意识控制的活动,例如呼吸系统、心脏和甲状腺功能及消化食物。症状可能包括出汗过多、血压变化、不能耐热和胃肠道症状。

您可能出现各种症状,原因是许多周围神经损伤影响不止一种类型的神经纤维。

何时就诊

如果您感到四肢无力、刺痛、麻木或完全失去知觉,请去医务人员处就诊以查明原因。周围神经损伤务必要及早治疗。

病因

周围神经可由于多种方式受损:

  • 事故、跌倒或运动造成的损伤,这可能会拉伸、压迫、挤压或割伤神经
  • 医疗状况,例如糖尿病、吉兰-巴雷综合征和腕管综合征
  • 自身免疫性疾病,包括狼疮、类风湿关节炎和干燥综合征

其他病因包括动脉狭窄、激素失衡和肿瘤。

风险因素

People who experience physical trauma or play sports may be at higher risk of an injury that can stretch or crush peripheral nerves. People with certain medical conditions also may be at higher risk of peripheral nerve injuries. These conditions, especially diabetes, may put nerves at greater risk of compression.

在 Mayo Clinic 治疗

March 30, 2024
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