少突神经胶质瘤

诊断

用于诊断少突神经胶质瘤的检查和程序包括：

• 神经系统检查。 在神经系统检查中，会询问您的体征和症状，检查您的视力、听力、平衡能力、协调性、力量和反射情况。其中一个或多个方面出现问题可能提示脑中哪些部位可能受到了脑肿瘤的影响。
• 成像检查。 成像检查可以帮助确定脑肿瘤的位置及其大小。MRI 通常用于诊断脑肿瘤。它可与特殊类型的 MRI 一起使用，例如功能 MRI 和磁共振波谱成像。

• 采集组织样本进行检测。 活检是一种从肿瘤中采集少量组织样本并进行检测的程序。在可能的情况下，在切除肿瘤的手术过程中采集样本。如果不能通过手术切除肿瘤，可能会使用针头采集样本。使用哪种方法取决于您的情况和肿瘤的位置。

  将组织样本送至实验室进行检测。检查可以显示样本中涉及哪些类型的细胞。特殊检测可显示有关肿瘤细胞的详细信息。例如，有一种检查可以检测肿瘤细胞中遗传物质（称为 DNA）的变化。医疗护理团队可根据检测结果了解预后情况。医护团队使用此信息制定治疗计划。

Oligodendroglioma grade

Oligodendrogliomas are given a grade of 2 or 3, which reflects how aggressive they are.

Grade 2 tumors grow slowly. They usually are treated with surgery, sometimes followed by radiation or chemotherapy.

Grade 3 tumors are more aggressive. Treatment usually includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Grade 3 tumors also may be called anaplastic oligodendroglioma.

Prognosis

Your healthcare team uses all the information from your diagnostic tests to understand your prognosis. The prognosis is how likely it is that the oligodendroglioma can be cured. Things that can affect the prognosis include:

• The grade of the tumor.
• How quickly the tumor is growing.
• Where the tumor is within the brain or spinal cord.
• Whether the tumor can be removed completely with surgery.
• The success of other treatments.
• Your overall health and well-being.

What is the survival rate for people with oligodendroglioma?

Long-term survival is possible for many people with oligodendrogliomas. But these tumors generally shorten the lifespan. That's because they can keep growing and can be hard to treat.

The relative five-year survival rate for oligodendroglioma is 79.5%. This means that people diagnosed with the tumor are 79.5% as likely to live at least five years as people who don't have the tumor.

Newer evidence points to improved outcomes for oligodendroglioma. Survival rates vary depending on the tumor's grade and the age of the person when diagnosed. Oligodendrogliomas are given a grade of 2 or 3, which reflects how aggressive they are.

Grade 2 tumors grow slowly. People with grade 2 oligodendroglioma often live more than 10 years after treatment, especially if they are healthy, younger and their tumor is entirely removed. Some research shows a median survival rate of 18 to 20 years for grade 2 tumors. This means that half the people will live longer than 20 years, and half will live less than 20 years.

Grade 3 tumors, also called anaplastic oligodendroglioma, grow more quickly. Life expectancy is shorter for grade 3 oligodendroglioma. Long-term research trials show a median survival rate of 14 years for grade 3 tumors. This means that half the people will live longer than 14 years, and half will live less than 14 years. About 20% of people with anaplastic oligodendroglioma live five years or less.

People who are younger and generally healthy have a better chance of living longer. Regular monitoring with MRI and effective therapy is important to catch potential recurrences early.

Factors that usually predict a worse outcome for oligodendrogliomas include:

• Older age at diagnosis, especially people over 60.
• Being assigned male at birth.
• Having trouble with movement, speech or other brain-related activities.
• Poorer overall health.
• Tumor that is located in hard-to-reach areas of the brain.
• Tumor size larger than 2 inches (4 to 5 centimeters).
• No seizures when the tumor was first found.

What can you do?

While not everything is under your control, there are steps you can take to help improve your chances of a good outcome. You can:

• Follow up as told by your healthcare team for monitoring and regular scans.
• Maintain your health as suggested by your healthcare professional.
• Report any new symptoms quickly.
• Take part in supportive care programs if offered by your healthcare team.

治疗

少突神经胶质瘤的治疗方法包括：

• 手术切除肿瘤。 手术的目的是尽可能切除少突神经胶质瘤。脑外科医生（也称为神经外科医生）致力于在不伤害健康脑组织的情况下切除肿瘤。其中一种方法称为清醒脑部手术。在这类手术中，您会从类似睡眠的状态中被唤醒。外科医生可能会问一些问题，并监测您回答问题时的脑活动。这有助于显示脑的重要部分，以便外科医生能够避开它们。

  术后可能需要其他治疗。如果有任何肿瘤细胞残留或肿瘤复发的风险增加，医生可能会建议您接受这些治疗。

• 化疗。 化疗使用强效药物杀死肿瘤细胞。术后通常会使用化疗来杀死可能残留的任何肿瘤细胞。化疗可以与放射疗法同时使用，也可以在放射疗法结束后使用。

• 放射疗法。 放射疗法利用强能量束来杀死肿瘤细胞。能量可能来自 X 线、质子或其他来源。进行放射疗法时，患者躺在治疗床上，同时有一台机器在其周围移动。机器将能量束发送到脑部的准确位置。

  术后有时会使用放射疗法，并可能与化疗结合使用。

• 临床试验。 临床试验是对新治疗方法进行的研究。这些研究让您有机会尝试最新的治疗方案。发生副作用的风险可能未知。询问医护团队成员您是否可以参加临床试验。
• 支持性护理。 支持性护理也称为姑息治疗，侧重于缓解严重疾病的疼痛和其他症状。姑息治疗专科医生与您、家人和其他医护团队成员合作以提供额外支持。可以在接受其他治疗（如手术、化疗或放射疗法）的同时使用姑息治疗。

Other treatment options

• Medicines. After your surgery, medicines may be an option if you are at lower risk and you don't have any symptoms. Your healthcare team may recommend a medicine to help slow tumor regrowth. One newer medication called vorasidenib (Voranigo) shows promising results, but safety and long-term benefits are still being studied.
• Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies give you a chance to try the latest treatment options. The risk of side effects may not be known. Ask a member of your healthcare team whether you can participate in a clinical trial.
• Supportive care. Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and members of your healthcare team to provide extra support. Palliative care can be used at the same time as other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

准备您的预约

如果出现任何令您担心的症状，请与医生或其他医务人员约诊。如果医务人员认为您可能患有少突神经胶质瘤，可能会将您转诊给专科医生。这可能是一位专门治疗癌症的医生（称为肿瘤科医生）。您还可以到一位专门从事脑部和脊髓手术的外科医生（称为神经外科医生）处就诊。

就诊时间可能很短，因此做好准备可能会有所帮助。以下信息可能有助于您做好准备。

您能做些什么

在约诊时，询问是否需要提前做好任何准备，例如进行某项特定检查前禁食。请列出以下内容：

• 您的症状，包括看似与约诊原因无关的任何症状。
• 关键个人信息，包括重大压力、近期生活变化和家族病史。
• 服用的所有药物、维生素或其他补充剂，包括剂量。
• 要向医务人员咨询的问题。

如果可能，请家人或朋友陪同就诊，他们可以帮忙记住医生提供的信息。

关于少突神经胶质瘤，要向医务人员咨询的一些基本问题包括：

• 我是否患有癌症？
• 如果肿瘤不是癌性的，我还需要将其切除吗？
• 我是否需要做更多检查？
• 有哪些可选的治疗方案？
• 这些治疗方案有哪些潜在并发症？
• 这些治疗是否会治好我的癌症？
• 能否给我一份病理报告副本？
• 我有多少时间来考虑选择哪个治疗方案？
• 是否有我可以带走的手册或其他印刷材料？ 您推荐哪些网站？
• 如果我选择放弃治疗，会有什么结果？

如果还有其他问题，请随时提出。

What to expect from your doctor

Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you several questions, such as:

• When did your symptoms begin?
• Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?
• How bad are your symptoms?
• What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?
• What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?

在此期间您可以采取的措施

避免从事看起来会使您的体征和症状加重的活动。