诊断

尚无确定 ARDS 的特定检查。诊断基于体格检查、胸部 X 线检查和氧气水平。还必须排除可能引发类似症状的其他疾病和状况,例如某些心脏问题。

影像

  • 胸部 X 线检查。胸部 X 线检查可以显示您的肺部状况、肺部区域积水以及您的心脏是否肿大。
  • 计算机断层成像(CT)。CT 扫描将来自许多不同方向的 X 线图像结合,创建内部器官的横断面视图。CT 扫描可以提供有关心脏和肺部结构的详细信息。

实验室检测

检查您的手腕动脉血液可测量您的氧含量。其他类型的血液检查可以检测是否有感染或贫血体征。如果医生怀疑您患有肺部感染,可能会检测您的气道分泌物,以确定感染原因。

心脏检查

由于 ARDS 的体征和症状与某些心脏问题相似,医生可能会建议您接受以下心脏检查:

  • 心电图。这项无痛检查可跟踪心脏的电活动。检查时,医生会将几个有线传感器连接到人体。
  • 超声心动图。此检查获得的心脏超声波图可以揭示心脏结构和功能的问题。

治疗

治疗 ARDS 的首要目标是提高血液的含氧量。在无氧情况下,器官无法正常运作。

为了使更多氧进入血流,医生可能会使用:

  • 辅助供氧。对于较轻的症状或者作为临时措施,可以通过紧扣在口鼻上的面罩输送氧气。
  • 机械通气。大多数 ARDS 患者都需要机器辅助呼吸。机械呼吸机把空气推进肺部,迫使部分液体流出肺泡。

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

ECMO may be an option for severe ARDS when other treatment options, such as mechanical ventilation, don't work. ECMO takes over for the heart, lungs or both for a limited time while the lungs rest and heal. This treatment can help when the body can't provide the tissues with enough oxygen.

The ECMO machine is an artificial heart and lung, removing blood from the body through tubes and pumping the blood through the artificial lung. This process removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen. Then the machine pumps the blood back into the body. Because of the risks involved, it's important to discuss the pros and cons of ECMO with your healthcare team.

Prone positioning

For some people with ARDS, positioning on the stomach — what's known as a prone position — during mechanical ventilation may make more oxygen available to the lungs.

液体

精心管理静脉输液量至关重要。液体过多会增加肺内积液。液体过少会给心脏和其他器官带来重负并导致休克。

药物

通常给予 ARDS 患者药物治疗以达到如下效果:

  • 预防和治疗感染
  • 减少疼痛和不适
  • 预防腿部和肺部的血凝块
  • 尽量减少胃酸反流
  • 镇静

Lung transplant

When other treatments don't help, lung transplant may be an option for some carefully chosen people who have ARDS. Usually, these are people who were healthy before they developed severe ARDS. Because lung transplant is such a hard process, it should be done at a center that has highly skilled, experienced surgeons and transplant teams.

临床试验

探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。

生活方式与家庭疗法

如果您正在从 ARDS 中恢复,以下建议有助于保护肺部:

  • 戒烟。如果您吸烟,请寻求戒烟帮助,并尽可能避免二手烟。
  • 接种疫苗。每年注射一次流感(流行性感冒)疫苗,以及每五年注射一次感染性肺炎疫苗,这可以降低肺部感染风险。

妥善处理与支持

ARDS 的康复是个漫长的过程,您需要大量支持。虽然每个人的康复情况不同,但了解其他患者遭遇的共同挑战对治疗会有所帮助。可以考虑以下建议:

  • 寻求帮助。特别是在您出院后,确保有人帮助您处理日常事务,直至您知道自己能够自理。
  • 参与肺康复治疗。现在很多医疗中心都有肺康复治疗计划,其中包括运动训练、教育和咨询,以帮助您了解如何恢复正常活动并达到理想体重。
  • 加入互助小组。慢性肺部疾病患者可以加入互助小组。找到您所在社区的或在线的互助小组,考虑加入具有相似经历的群体。
  • 寻求专业帮助。如果您出现抑郁症的症状,例如感到绝望和对日常活动失去兴趣,告诉您的医生或联系心理健康专业人士。抑郁症在 ARDS 患者中很常见,治疗会有所帮助。
Aug. 03, 2022
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急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)