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Aug. 21, 2026
  1. Azar FM, et al. Degenerative disorders of the thoracic and lumbar spine. In: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 14th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 14, 2026.
  2. Back pain. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/back-pain. Accessed May 14, 2026.
  3. Herniated disk in the lower back. OrthoInfo. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/herniated-disk-in-the-lower-back. Accessed May 14, 2026.
  4. Kothari MJ, et al. Treatment and prognosis of cervical radiculopathy. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 14, 2026.
  5. Chou R. Subacute and chronic low back pain: Surgical treatment. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 14, 2026.
  6. Hassanzadeh H, et al. Incidental durotomy in lumbar spine surgery; risk factors, complications, and perioperative management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2021; doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-20-00210.
  7. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. May 20, 2026.

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