Descripción general

Sarcoma se refiere a un amplio grupo de tipos de cáncer que comienzan en los huesos y los tejidos blandos. Los tejidos blandos conectan, sostienen y recubren otras estructuras del cuerpo. Los tejidos blandos comprenden los músculos, la grasa, los vasos sanguíneos, los nervios, los tendones y el revestimiento de las articulaciones. El cáncer que comienza en el tejido blando se conoce como sarcoma de tejido blando.

Hay muchos tipos de sarcoma. Pueden aparecer en muchas partes del cuerpo. El tratamiento para el sarcoma varía según el tipo de sarcoma, su ubicación y otros factores.

Types

There are many types of sarcomas. Each type can behave differently and may require a different approach to diagnosis and treatment.

Some types of sarcomas don't fit neatly into one category. For example, Ewing sarcoma most often starts in bone but also can develop in soft tissue.

Some tumors start in soft tissues that connect and support, but they are not true sarcomas. Sarcoma specialists may treat these tumors, but they aren't always classified or treated in the same way as soft tissue sarcomas.

Bone sarcomas

  • Osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma starts in bone-forming cells. It most often develops in the long bones, particularly around the knee, and is most common in adolescents and young adults.
  • Chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma starts in cartilage-producing cells. It most often occurs in the pelvis, upper leg or shoulder and is more common in adults.
  • Ewing sarcoma. Ewing sarcoma most often starts in bone but can start in soft tissue. It occurs most often in children, teenagers and young adults.

Soft tissue sarcomas

  • Angiosarcoma. Angiosarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of the blood vessels and lymph vessels.
  • Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT). DSRCT is an aggressive sarcoma that usually starts in the abdomen or pelvis. It occurs most often in adolescents and young adults.
  • Epithelioid sarcoma. Epithelioid sarcoma often starts in the hands, arms, feet or legs of teenagers and young adults. Other forms can start closer to the center of the body. Epithelioid sarcoma tends to grow slowly. It can come back after treatment.
  • Kaposi sarcoma.This cancer can be caused by infection with the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and is more likely to occur in people with weakened immune systems, including people with HIV. It also can happen in people who take medicines to prevent organ rejection after an organ transplant.
  • Leiomyosarcoma. This cancer starts in smooth muscle tissue. Many areas of the body have smooth muscle tissue. Leiomyosarcoma most often starts in the uterus, belly or leg.
  • Liposarcoma. Liposarcoma is a cancer that starts in the fat cells. It can happen anywhere in the body but occurs most often in the belly, arm or leg.
  • Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). These tumors start in tissue that surrounds peripheral nerves. These nerves run from the spinal cord into the body. MPNST used to be called neurofibrosarcomas.
  • Myxofibrosarcoma. This soft tissue sarcoma most often starts in the arms or legs of older adults. It can grow into surrounding tissues and often comes back in the same area after treatment.
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma. This sarcoma starts in muscle tissue. It occurs most often in children and adolescents, although adults can develop it.
  • Synovial sarcoma. This cancer tends to happen near large joints, mainly the knees. It usually affects young adults.
  • Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). The name comes from the way the cancer cells appear under the microscope. Undifferentiated means the cells don't look like the body tissues in which they develop. The cancer is called pleomorphic (plee-o-MOR-fik) because the cells grow in multiple shapes and sizes.

Other related tumors

  • Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP). DFSP is a type of skin cancer that starts in the connective tissue cells in the middle layer of the skin. It typically grows slowly but can grow into nearby tissues.
  • Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). GIST is a type of cancer that begins in the digestive system. These tumors happen most often in the stomach and small intestine.
  • Solitary fibrous tumor. These tumors start in the connective tissue and can develop almost anywhere in the body. They often occur in the lining around the outside of the lungs. They tend to grow slowly.

Síntomas

Estos son algunos de los signos y síntomas del sarcoma:

  • Un bulto que se puede palpar en la piel que puede ser doloroso o no
  • Dolor en los huesos
  • La rotura de un hueso sin causa aparente, como por una lesión menor o sin lesión
  • Dolor de abdomen
  • Pérdida de peso

Cuándo debes consultar a un médico

Programa una cita con un médico u otro profesional de atención médica si tienes síntomas que te preocupan.

Causas

No está claro cuál es la causa del sarcoma. Este cáncer comienza como una proliferación de células en los huesos y tejidos blandos.

Ocurre cuando las células desarrollan cambios en su ADN. El ADN de una célula contiene las instrucciones que le indican lo que debe hacer. En las células sanas, el ADN da las instrucciones a las células para que proliferen y se multipliquen a un determinado ritmo. El ADN también les indica a las células en qué momento deben morir.

En el caso de las células cancerosas, los cambios en el ADN hacen que las instrucciones sean diferentes. Los cambios les indican a las células cancerosas que proliferen y se multipliquen con rapidez. Las células cancerosas pueden seguir viviendo luego del momento en que deberían morir. Esto causa un exceso de células.

Las células cancerosas pueden formar un bulto que se conoce como tumor. El tumor puede aumentar de tamaño hasta invadir y destruir el tejido corporal sano. Con el tiempo, las células cancerosas pueden desprenderse y diseminarse a otras partes del cuerpo. Cuando el cáncer se disemina, se llama cáncer metastásico.

Factores de riesgo

Los factores que pueden aumentar el riesgo de presentar sarcoma son los siguientes:

  • Síndromes hereditarios. Los hijos pueden heredar del padre y la madre algunos síndromes que aumentan el riesgo de cáncer. Por ejemplo, los síndromes que aumentan el riesgo de sarcoma como el síndrome de Li-Fraumeni, retinoblastoma familiar y neurofibromatosis tipo 1.
  • Radioterapia contra el cáncer. El tratamiento de radiación contra el cáncer aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar un sarcoma más adelante.
  • Linfedema. El linfedema es una hinchazón que puede ocurrir cuando el sistema linfático está bloqueado o dañado. El linfedema aumenta el riesgo de un tipo de sarcoma llamado angiosarcoma.
  • Exposición a los virus. El virus del herpes humano 8 puede aumentar el riesgo de un tipo de sarcoma llamado sarcoma Kaposi en personas con sistemas inmunitarios debilitados.

July 02, 2025

Living with sarcoma?

Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the Sarcoma support group on Mayo Clinic Connect, a patient community.

Sarcoma Discussions

Colleen Young, Connect Director
Diagnosed with sarcoma? Let's share

1102 Replies Wed, Sep 02, 2026

lessjudd1976
What treatments did you have for angiosarcoma?

10 Replies Tue, Sep 01, 2026

citizendeveloper
FS-DFSP (Fibrosarcomatous dermatofibrosarcoma): Anyone else?

55 Replies Mon, Aug 31, 2026

See more discussions
  1. Ferri FF. Sarcoma. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2025. Elsevier; 2025. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 20, 2024.
  2. Niederhuber JE, et al., eds. Sarcomas of soft tissue. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 20, 2024.
  3. Soft tissue sarcoma. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1464. June 25, 2024.
  4. Bone cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1418. Accessed June 25, 2024.
  5. Salerno KE, et al. Radiation therapy for treatment of soft tissue sarcoma in adults: Executive summary of an ASTRO clinical practice guideline. Practical Radiation Oncology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.prro.2021.04.005.