概述

脊髓会诊

脊椎肿瘤是在椎管内或脊椎骨内生长的肿瘤。脊髓肿瘤,也称为硬膜内肿瘤,是一种起源于脊髓或脊髓鞘层(硬脑膜)的脊柱肿瘤。影响脊椎骨(椎骨)的肿瘤统称为脊柱肿瘤。

根据脊髓肿瘤相对于脊髓保护膜的发生部位,可将其分为三种不同的类型。

以下是硬膜内肿瘤的主要类型:

  • 髓内肿瘤始于脊髓内的细胞,如胶质瘤、星形细胞瘤或室管膜瘤。
  • 髓外肿瘤生长于脊髓周围的膜或从脊髓伸出的神经根。虽然这些肿瘤不是源于脊髓本身,但这些类型的肿瘤可能会通过引起脊髓压迫和其他问题而影响脊髓功能。可影响脊髓的髓外肿瘤包括脑膜瘤、神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤和神经鞘肿瘤。

身体其他部位的肿瘤可能扩散(转移)到脊柱、脊髓周围的支撑网络,或者在极少数情况下扩散到脊髓本身。

脊柱肿瘤或任何类型的赘生都可能导致疼痛、神经系统问题,有时甚至导致瘫痪。脊柱肿瘤可能危及生命,并导致永久性残障。

脊柱肿瘤的治疗包括手术、放射疗法、化疗或其他药物治疗。

了解为何妙佑医疗国际是您的最佳治疗选择。

Types

症状

脊髓肿瘤可能引起各种体征和症状,尤其是在肿瘤生长时。肿瘤可能累及脊髓或神经根、血管或脊骨。体征和症状可能包括:

  • 肿瘤生长导致肿瘤部位疼痛
  • 背痛,通常放射至身体其他部位
  • 感觉对疼痛和冷热的敏感程度降低
  • 肠道和膀胱功能丧失
  • 行走困难,有时会跌倒
  • 晚间背痛加剧
  • 知觉消失或者肌无力,尤其是手臂或腿
  • 身体不同部位出现肌无力,程度可轻可重

背痛是脊柱肿瘤常见的早期症状。疼痛还可能从背部蔓延到髋关节、腿部、足部或手臂,并可能随着时间而加剧,即使已接受了治疗。

脊柱肿瘤的进展速度因肿瘤类型各异。

何时就诊

背痛的原因有很多,但多数背痛和肿瘤无关。但是尽早诊断和治疗对脊柱肿瘤至关重要,因此,如果出现以下情况,请针对您的背痛就诊:

  • 持续的渐进式疼痛
  • 和运动无关
  • 夜间加剧
  • 您患过癌症,而且现在出现新的背痛
  • 您出现恶心、呕吐或头晕等其他癌症症状

如果您出现以下情况,请立即就医:

  • 您的腿部或手臂出现进展性肌无力或麻木
  • 排便或排尿功能变化

病因

目前尚不清楚大多数脊柱肿瘤发生的原因。专家怀疑基因缺陷可能导致这种疾病。但这些基因缺陷是遗传还是随着时间的推移而形成,一般不得而知。其可能由环境中的某些因素造成,比如接触某些化学物质。有时,脊髓肿瘤与遗传综合征有关,如 2 型神经纤维瘤病和冯希伯-林岛氏症。

风险因素

脊髓肿瘤在以下人群中更常见:

  • 患有神经纤维瘤病 2 型患者。在这种遗传性疾病中,良性肿瘤会长在与听力有关的神经上或其附近。这可能会导致单耳或双耳的进行性听力减退。有些神经纤维瘤病 2 型患者也会患椎管肿瘤。
  • 希佩尔·林道综合征。这种罕见的多系统疾病与脑、视网膜和脊髓的血管肿瘤(血管母细胞瘤)以及肾脏或肾上腺的其他类型肿瘤有关。

并发症

脊柱肿瘤可压迫脊髓神经,导致肿瘤位置以下的运动或感觉丧失。这种情况有时会导致肠道和膀胱功能改变。神经损伤可能为永久性。

然而,若及早发现并进行积极治疗,可以避免进一步的功能丧失并恢复神经功能。根据肿瘤的位置不同,压迫脊髓本身的肿瘤可能会危及生命。

在 Mayo Clinic 治疗

Nov. 14, 2020

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