概述

脊髓空洞症是脊髓中形成充满液体的囊肿。这种囊肿有时被称为空洞,随着时间的推移会变大。当变大时,它会损伤脊髓并导致疼痛、无力和僵硬。

脊髓空洞症有几种可能的原因。在许多情况下与小脑扁桃体下疝畸形有关。这是一种脑组织膨出进入椎管的状况。

脊髓空洞症的其他病因包括脊髓肿瘤、脊髓损伤和脊髓周围肿胀引起的损伤。

如果脊髓空洞症没有引起问题,则可能仅需监测病情。但如果出现给患者造成困扰的症状,则可能需要手术。

症状

脊髓空洞症的症状通常随时间推移缓慢发展。如果脊髓空洞症是由脑组织膨出到椎管引起的,则称为小脑扁桃体下疝畸形。症状通常在 25 岁至 40 岁之间开始出现。

在某些情况下,咳嗽或过度用力可能引发脊髓空洞症的症状,尽管两者均不会导致脊髓空洞症。

脊髓空洞症可能会累及背部、肩膀、手臂或腿部。症状可能包括:

  • 肌无力和肌肉萎缩。
  • 反射消失。
  • 对疼痛和温度的敏感性丧失。
  • 头痛。
  • 背部、肩部、手臂和腿部僵硬。
  • 颈部、手臂和背部疼痛。
  • 脊柱侧凸。这是指脊柱向侧面弯曲的情况。

何时就诊

如果您出现了与脊髓空洞症相关的任何症状,请咨询医疗护理专业人员。

如果您曾经历脊髓损伤,请留意脊髓空洞症的症状。发生损伤后,可能需要数月至数年时间才会发展为脊髓空洞症。请确保医疗护理专业人员知道您曾经历脊髓损伤。

病因

脊髓空洞症的发生过程和原因尚不清楚。在发生该病时,包围、缓冲和保护脑和脊髓的液体会在脊髓内积聚。这种液体称为脑脊液。如果积聚并形成充满液体的囊肿,则称为空洞。

一些状况和疾病可能导致脊髓空洞症,包括:

  • 小脑扁桃体下疝畸形,这是一种脑组织膨出到椎管并阻碍脑脊液正常流动的状况。
  • 脑膜炎,即包围脑和脊髓的膜肿胀。
  • 脊髓肿瘤,这可能干扰脑脊液的正常流动。
  • 出生时就存在的状况,例如脊髓栓系。脊髓栓系是由于组织附着在脊髓上限制脊髓活动所导致的一种状况。
  • 脊髓损伤,可能在数月或数年后引起症状。

风险因素

Several conditions and diseases can lead to syringomyelia, including:

  • Chiari malformation. In this condition, brain tissue pushes into the spinal canal and blocks the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Meningitis. This condition causes swelling of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
  • Growths on or in the spine. These may include spinal cord tumors, cysts or thick areas on the membrane covering the spinal cord. These are called arachnoid adhesions. Also, bony growths on the spine called bone spurs can affect the regular flow of cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Conditions present at birth. These may include spina bifida or a tethered spinal cord. Spina bifida is a condition in which the spine and spinal column don't form properly before birth. A tethered spinal cord is a condition that happens when tissue attached to the spinal cord limits its movement.
  • Spinal cord injury. An injury that affects the spine can cause symptoms months or years later. As you age, symptoms connected to an old injury may become worse.
  • Complications after surgery. Swelling or scarring of the spine after surgery may affect the flow of CSF. Also, treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation on or near the spine may raise the risk of syringomyelia.
  • Family health history. Genetics may play a role in getting syringomyelia.
  • Aging. As you age, wear and tear on the spine may put you at higher risk of developing the condition, especially if there has been trauma to the spine in the past.

并发症

在有些患者中,脊髓空洞症会出现进展并引起严重的并发症。而另一些患者则无症状。

如果空洞长大或损伤了脊髓内的神经,可能会导致并发症。并发症包括:

  • 脊柱侧凸。这是指脊柱向侧面弯曲的情况。
  • 由脊髓损伤引起的慢性疼痛。
  • 可影响行走的运动障碍。例如腿部肌肉无力和僵硬。
  • 瘫痪。

July 22, 2026
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