What long-term effects can happen after craniectomy?

    Craniectomy is a surgery to remove a portion of the skull. Some people have lasting changes in how their brains work or in their abilities to do daily activities. Long-term effects often depend on the condition that led to the craniectomy, such as a traumatic brain injury or stroke.

    If you had a craniectomy to treat a traumatic brain injury, you may have lasting symptoms from the injury. These may include issues with balance, memory, concentration or thinking. Mental health concerns, such as depression or anxiety, also can occur after a traumatic brain injury.

    Rehabilitation can help with some lasting symptoms. For example, rehabilitation may help with dizziness, balance, memory or concentration issues. Your healthcare team will discuss options if you need care from a brain injury specialist or rehabilitation team.

    Some people have improvements in thinking or daily activities after surgery to repair the opening in the skull, called cranioplasty.

    1. Beucler N. Indications and scientific support for supratentorial unilateral decompressive craniectomy for different subgroups of patients: A scoping review. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2024; doi:10.1007/s00701-024-06277-7.
    2. Luo X, et al. Decompressive craniectomy for patients with malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: A pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107719.
    3. Gati A, et al. Timing and outcomes of cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy: A systematic review of neurological recovery, complications, and predictive factors. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2026; doi:10.3390/jcm15082813.
    4. Silverberg ND, et al. Action Collaborative on Traumatic Brain Injury Care: Adapted clinical practice guideline. Annals of Family Medicine. 2025; doi:10.1370/afm.250352.
    5. Ramos-Galarza C, et al. Neuropsychological rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; doi:10.3390/jcm14041287.
    6. Jak A. Cognitive rehabilitation for adults with a history of traumatic brain injury. Neurologic Clinics. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2024.05.015.

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