نظرة عامة
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is bladder cancer that has not grown into the thick muscle layer of the bladder wall. Because it has not reached the muscle, it is different from muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
About 75% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers are NMIBC. Many people with NMIBC can be treated successfully. But the cancer can come back, and some tumors can grow into the bladder muscle. The chance of this happening depends on features such as the cancer's grade and stage.
Hearing that you have bladder cancer can be worrying. Treatment focuses on removing or destroying the cancer, lowering the chance that it will come back, and helping prevent it from growing into the bladder muscle.
Types
Healthcare professionals describe NMIBC by how the tumor grows and how deeply it has grown into the bladder wall. The main types are Ta, T1 and carcinoma in situ.
- Ta. Ta is a tumor that has stayed in the bladder lining. It has not grown into the tissue below the lining, called the lamina propria.
- T1. T1 is a tumor that has grown into the lamina propria. It has not reached the bladder muscle.
- Carcinoma in situ (CIS or Tis). CIS is a flat, high-grade tumor that stays in the bladder lining.
الأعراض
Blood in the urine, called hematuria, is the most common symptom of bladder cancer. The blood may be easy to see, or it may show up only on a urine test.
Other symptoms can include urinating more often, urinating at night, and pain or burning with urination. These urinary symptoms are more common with CIS.
When to seek care
See a healthcare professional if you have blood in your urine or urinary symptoms that do not go away and have no known cause. These symptoms can have causes other than cancer, but they should be checked.
الأسباب
Bladder cancer can happen after changes in cells that line the bladder. Certain exposures can raise the risk of these changes. These include tobacco smoke and some workplace chemicals. Other risk factors include prior pelvic radiation, some medicines, and long-term bladder irritation or infection.
عوامل الخطورة
The following factors are linked to a higher risk of bladder cancer.
- Tobacco use, especially cigarette smoking.
- Older age.
- Contact with some chemicals at work, including chemicals used in dyes, rubber, paint, metals and petroleum.
- Past treatment with pelvic radiation or some chemotherapy medicines, including cyclophosphamide.
- Long-term bladder irritation or infection, including some parasitic infections and long-term catheter use.
- A personal or family history of bladder cancer and some inherited genetic conditions.
المضاعفات
Some NMIBC can progress. Progression means the cancer grows into the bladder muscle or becomes more advanced. The risk of progression depends on features such as the tumor's grade and stage and whether CIS is present.
الوقاية
There is no sure way to prevent bladder cancer. Smoking is the most important known risk factor. Some workplace chemical exposures also are linked to a higher risk.