Pterional craniotomy

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  1. Lyle W. Baker, M.D.

    Lyle W. Baker, M.D.

    1. Nephrologist
    2. Internist
    1. Jacksonville, FL
    擅长领域：

    Point of care ultrasound, Chronic kidney disease, High blood pressure, Kidney stone, Kidney failure, Acute kidney inury..., Nephrotic syndrome, End-stage renal disease, Glomerulonephritis, Resistant hypertension, Nephritis

  2. Joshua Bakhsheshian, M.D., M.H.A.

    Joshua Bakhsheshian, M.D., M.H.A.

    1. Neurosurgeon
    2. Surgeon
    1. Phoenix, AZ
    擅长领域：

    Lumbar fusion, Spinal fusion, Neurostimulation treatment, Spinal cord stimulation, Cervical spine fusion, Foraminotomy,... Laminectomy, Laminoplasty, Scoliosis surgery, Laminotomy, Cervical spine surgery, Minimally invasive surgery, Minimally invasive lumbar decompression, Robotic surgery, Sacroiliac joint fusions, Ultrasound-guided surgery, Spinal deformity correction surgery, Spinal stabilization surgery, Cervical disk replacement, Spondylolisthesis surgery, Robotic spine surgery, Tumor resection, Tumor biopsy, Osteotomy, Cervical diskectomy, Minimally invasive spine surgery, Lumbar diskectomy, Lumbar laminectomy, Cervical laminectomy, Lumbar pseudoarthrosis procedure, Cervical scoliosis surgery, Thoracic scoliosis surgery, Lumbar scoliosis surgery, Cervical pseudoarthrosis procedure, Minimally invasive cervical diskectomy, Minimally invasive spinal fusion, Minimally invasive lumbar diskectomy, Minimally invasive diskectomy, Minimally invasive thoracic diskectomy, Minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion, Minimally invasive foraminotomy, Minimally invasive cervical foraminotomy, Minimally invasive cervical spinal fusion, Minimally invasive thoracic spinal fusion, Revision spinal surgery, Minimally invasive cancer surgery , Revision of previous trauma surgery, Minimally invasive neurosurgery, Thoracoplasty, Vertebrectomy, Vertebral column resection, Exoscopic surgery, Minimally invasive lumbar foraminotomy, Minimally invasive thoracic foraminotomy, Cervical traction, Skeletal traction, Gardner Wells tongs insertion, Synovial cyst removal, Degenerative scoliosis surgery, Occipitocervical fusion, Atlantoaxial fusion, Halo skull traction, Pelvic fixation, Revision thoracic spinal surgery, Revision lumbar spinal surgery, CT-guided surgery, Revision cervical spinal surgery, Spinal cord injury, Back pain, Scoliosis, Spondylolisthesis, Spondylolysis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Spina bifida, Meningioma, Spondyloarthritis, Marfan syndrome, Spinal stenosis, Myelopathy, Paget's disease of the bone, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Cervical radiculopathy, Cervical spondylosis, Spinal headache, Degenerative disk disease, Low back pain, Astrocytoma, Spinal fracture, Glioma, Ependymoma, Kyphosis, Congenital neck anomaly, Spinal cord tumor, Vertebral tumor, Cervical myelopathy, Spinal tumor, Thoracic radiculopathy, Spinal pain, Lumbar spondylosis, Lumbar radiculopathy, Lumbar spinal stenosis, Cervical spinal stenosis, Thoracic myelopathy, Nerve compression syndrome, Thoracic herniated disk, Scheuermann's kyphosis, Spondylotic myelopathy, Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Skeletal dysplasia, Lumbar herniated disk, Spine deformity, Hemangioblastoma, Cervical spondylotic myelopathy, Spinal cord metastasis, Cervical spondylolisthesis, Cervical kyphosis, Cervical herniated disk, Cervical spine deformity, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, Spondylosis, Congenital scoliosis, Spinal arteriovenous malformation, Plexiform neurofibroma, Osteomyelitis, Neurofibroma, Pseudarthrosis, Spinal metastasis, Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Tumors and masses, Failed back syndrome, Degenerative scoliosis, Spine arthritis, Vertebral osteomyelitis, Schwannoma, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Hemivertebra, Syringomyelia, Central cord syndrome, Spinal sarcoma, Cervical spine injury, Atlantoaxial instability, Charcot's arthropathy, Occipitocervical region dysfunction, Metastatic spinal cord compression, Pelvic obliquity, Tethered spinal cord, Kyphoscoliosis, Benign brain tumor

  3. Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, M.D.

    Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, M.D.

    1. Surgeon
    2. Gynecologist
    3. Gynecologic Oncologist
    1. Rochester, MN
    擅长领域：

    Gynecological surgery, Abdominal hysterectomy, Diagnostic laparoscopy, Vulvectomy, Sentinel node biopsy, Pelvic exenter...ation, Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, Minimally invasive surgery, Robotic surgery, Hysteroscopy, Minimally invasive hysterectomy, Diagnostic hysteroscopy, Robotic hysterectomy, Vaginal hysterectomy, Trachelectomy, Vaginectomy, Fertility sparing surgery, Endometriosis surgery, Conization, Minimally invasive surgical staging, Debulking surgery, Cancer, Cervical dysplasia, Cervical cancer, Extramammary Paget disease, Uterine fibroid, Endometriosis, Ovarian cancer, Endometrial cancer, Germ cell tumor, Peritoneal cancer, Fallopian tube cancer, Gynecologic cancer, Ovarian cyst, Vulvar cancer, Vaginal cancer, Adnexal tumor, Vulvar dysplasia, Lower genital tract dysplasia, Cancer during pregnancy, Granulosa cell tumor

  4. Karim Bakri, M.B.B.S.

    Karim Bakri, M.B.B.S.

    1. Hand Surgeon
    2. Plastic Surgeon
    1. Rochester, MN
    擅长领域：

    Flap surgery, Arthroscopy, Carpal tunnel surgery, Fat transfer, Hand surgery, Flexor tendon repair surgery, Reconstruct...ive surgery, Cosmetic surgery, Microvascular reconstruction, Wrist fracture treatment, Hand reconstruction, Wrist fusion, Arthroplasty, Hand fracture treatment, Vascularized bone grafting, Peripheral nerve tumor surgery, Microvascular surgery, Wrist arthroscopy, Finger reattachment, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Thumb arthritis, Cubital tunnel syndrome, Trigger finger, Nerve entrapment, Broken wrist, Dupuytren contracture, Ulnar wrist pain, Traumatic injury, Wrist pain, Hand injury, Tendinopathy, Hand arthritis, Hand mass, Scaphoid nonunion, Broken hand

  5. Sophie J. Bakri, M.D.

    Sophie J. Bakri, M.D.

    1. Ophthalmologist
    1. Rochester, MN
    擅长领域：

    Cataract surgery, Retinal surgery, Scleral buckling, Vitrectomy, Ultrasound, Eye injection, Retinal exam, Photodynamic ...therapy, Laser eye surgery, Retinal angiogram, Gene therapy, Optical coherence tomography, Anti-VEGF injection therapy, Cataract, Retinal vein occlusion, Retinal disease, Retinal detachment, Macular hole, Diabetic retinopathy, Epiretinal membrane, Macular degeneration, Eye floaters, Macular edema, Diabetic eye disease, Retinal artery occlusion, Eye injury, Eye infection, Vitreous detachment, Vitreous hemorrhage

  6. Vijayan Balan, M.D.

    Vijayan Balan, M.D.

    1. Gastroenterologist
    2. Hepatologist
    1. Phoenix, AZ
    擅长领域：

    Hepatitis C

  7. Prasanth Balasubramanian, M.B.B.S., M.D.

    Prasanth Balasubramanian, M.B.B.S., M.D.

    1. Critical Care Specialist
    2. Transplant Pulmonologist
    1. Jacksonville, FL
    擅长领域：

    Post-transplant care, Lung transplant, Post-transplant long-term care, Bronchoscopy, Post-lung transplant care, Pre-lun...g transplant evaluation, Advanced lung disease, COPD, Cystic fibrosis, Pulmonary hypertension, Interstitial lung disease, Pulmonary fibrosis, Hepatopulmonary syndrome, Pulmonary valve disease

  8. Jonathan Balog, D.O.

    Jonathan Balog, D.O.

    1. Family Physician
    1. Jacksonville, FL
  9. Vin Shen Ban, M.B.B.S.

    Vin Shen Ban, M.B.B.S.

    1. Neurosurgeon
    1. Jacksonville, FL
    擅长领域：

    Thrombectomy, Endoscopic procedure, Carotid angioplasty and stenting, Brain stereotactic radiosurgery, Endovascular ane...urysm repair, Cerebral angiogram, Endarterectomy, Kyphoplasty, Stereotactic radiosurgery, Gamma knife surgery, Microvascular surgery, EC-IC bypass , Stroke, Trigeminal neuralgia, Meningioma, Subdural hematoma, Carotid artery disease, Pituitary tumor, Hydrocephalus, Moyamoya disease, Arteriovenous fistula, Spinal stenosis, Brain tumor, Intraventricular hemorrhage, Cervical radiculopathy, Cervical spondylosis, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Brain aneurysm, Cavernous malformations, Brain AVM, Spinal fracture, Spinal compression fracture, Aneurysm, Arteriovenous malformation, Carotid body tumor, Spinal cord tumor, Cervical myelopathy, Cervical spinal stenosis, Hemangioblastoma, Cervical spondylotic myelopathy, Cervical spondylolisthesis, Cervical herniated disk, Central nervous system vascular malformations, Spinal arteriovenous malformation, Hemifacial spasm, Brain hemorrhage, Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, Carotid artery dissection, Pituitary mass, Schwannoma, Cavernous hemangioma, Pineal tumor, Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Vertebral artery disease, Cranial nerve palsy, Benign brain tumor

  10. Irina Bancos, M.D., M.S.

    Irina Bancos, M.D., M.S.

    1. Internist
    2. Endocrinologist
    1. Rochester, MN
    擅长领域：

    Pheochromocytoma, Benign adrenal tumor

Publications

See a list of publications by Mayo Clinic authors about pterional craniotomy on PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine.

来自妙佑医疗国际员工

在 Mayo Clinic 治疗

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关于在 Mayo Clinic 治疗
Aug. 29, 2026
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  1. Candy NG, et al. 'What's in a name', a systematic review of the pterional craniotomy for aneurysm surgery and its many modifications with a proposal for simplified nomenclature. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2024; doi:10.1007/s00701-024-05888-4.
  2. Luzzi S, et al. Pterional approach. Acta Biomed. 2021; doi:10.23750/abm.v92iS4.12669.
  3. Winn RH, ed. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 8, 2026.
  4. Jandial R, ed. Pterional (frontosphenotemporal) craniotomy. In: Core Techniques in Operative Neurosurgery. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed June 11, 2026.
  5. Ong V, et al. The pterional keyhole craniotomy approach: A historical perspective. World Neurosurgery. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.07.012.
  6. Health Education & Content Services. Craniotomy. Mayo Clinic; 2023.
  7. Warner DO, et al. Smoking or vaping: Perioperative management. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 19, 2026.
  8. Phoowanakulchai S, et al. Persistent incisional pain at 1 year after craniotomy: A retrospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiology. 2023; doi:10.1186/s12871-023-02068-2.
  9. Florez-Perdomo WA, et al. Supraorbital vs pterional keyhole for anterior circulation aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurgery: X. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100177.
  10. Raj S, ed. Transcranial approaches to the optic apparatus. In: Endoscopic Surgery of the Orbit. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 24, 2026.
  11. Samagh N, et al. Post-craniotomy pain: An update. Journal of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care. 2023; doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1760271.
  12. Pterion. Dorland's Medical Dictionary Online. https://www.dorlandsonline.com. Accessed June 15, 2026.
  13. Shemesh SZ, et al. Neuropathic cranial pain phenotypes after craniotomy: A large, single-center retrospective cohort study. Medicina. 2026; doi:10.3390/medicina62050840.
  14. Paisansathan C, et al. Anesthesia for craniotomy in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 23, 2026.
  15. Lesha E, et al. Length of stay following elective craniotomy for tumor resection in children and young adults: A retrospective case series. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2024; doi:10.1007/s11060-024-04887-w.
  16. Luzzi S, et al. Cranio-orbito-zygomatic approach: Core techniques for tailoring target exposure and surgical freedom. Brain Sciences. 2022; doi:10.3390/brainsci12030405.
  17. Yilmaz MC, et al. Exploring the lamina terminalis: A stepwise anatomical comparison of pterional and orbitozygomatic craniotomy approaches. Life. 2025; doi:10.3390/life15121804.
  18. Carlstrom LP, et al. Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: Surgical anatomy of the frontotemporal and orbitozygomatic craniotomies. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base. 2024; doi:10.1055/a-2065-9495.
  19. Bernardo A, et al. Anterolateral routes to the skull base — The frontotemporal approaches and exposure of the sellar and parasellar regions. World Neurosurgery. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.11.055.
  20. Folse MS, et al. 1-piece versus 2-piece fronto-temporo-orbito-zygomatic craniotomy: A narrative overview of evolution. World Neurosurgery. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.03.132.
  21. Winter F, et al. Current state of the art of traditional and minimal invasive epilepsy surgery approaches. Brain and Spine. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.bas.2024.102755.
  22. Ong V, et al. The pterional keyhole craniotomy approach: A historical perspective. World Neurosurgery. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.07.012.
  23. Avery MB, et al. Supraorbital and mini-pterional keyhole craniotomies for brain tumors: a clinical and anatomical comparison of indications and outcomes in 204 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2022; doi:10.3171/2021.6.JNS21759.
  24. Rahmani R, et al. Perspectives on brain arteriovenous malformations from the surgical battlefield. Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology. 2024; doi:10.1161/SVIN.124.001054.
  25. Sangrador-Deitos MV, et al. Novel hybrid technique for preservation of frontal branch of facial nerve: Subgaleal preinterfascial dissection. World Neurosurgery. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.011.
  26. Shapey J, et al. Neurosurgical approaches to the skull base. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.nic.2021.05.004.
  27. Panir MN, et al. A concise history of skull base surgery: what is its contribution to neurosurgery? Acta Neurochirurgica. 2026; doi:10.1007/s00701-025-06765-4.
  28. Skull. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/skull. Accessed July 9, 2026.
  29. Standring S, ed. Gray's Anatomy. 42nd ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 9, 2026.
  30. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Arteriovenous-Malformation-Information-Page. Accessed July 9, 2026.
  31. Arteriovenous malformations. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Arteriovenous-Malformations. Accessed July 9, 2026.
  32. Singer RJ, et al. Brain arteriovenous malformations. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 17, 2026.
  33. Cerebral aneurysms. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/cerebral-aneurysms. Accessed July 9, 2026.
  34. Brown NJ, et al. Minimally invasive keyhole craniotomies for microsurgical clipping of cerebral aneurysms: Comparative meta-analysis of the mini-pterional and supraorbital keyhole approaches. Neurosurgical Review. 2024; doi:10.1007/s10143-024-02531-9.
  35. Joshi GP, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for preoperative fasting: carbohydrate-containing clear liquids with or without protein, chewing gum, and pediatric fasting duration — A modular update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for preoperative fasting. Anesthesiology. 2023; doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004381.
  36. Questions to ask before having an operation. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/for-patients/surgery-faq/10-questions. Accessed July 30, 2026.
  37. Yin B, et al. ICGA combined with EP monitoring in microclipping of cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgical Review. 2023; doi:10.1007/s10143-023-02111-3.
  38. Jarc N, et al. Assessment of postoperative pain, dysesthesia, and weather sensitivity after pterional and temporal neurosurgical approaches. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2024; doi:10.3171/2023.8.JNS231307.
  39. Hiraki C, et al. The meninges as CNS interfaces and the roles of meningeal macrophages. Biomolecules. 2025; doi:10.3390/biom15040497.
  40. Patel P, et al. Perioperative medication management. Medical Clinics of North America. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2024.05.002.
  41. Anatomy of the brain. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/anatomy-of-the-brain. Accessed July 15, 2026.
  42. Central nervous system tumors treatment (PDQ) — Health professional version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/adult-brain-treatment-pdq. Accessed July 15, 2026.
  43. Akkara Y, et al. Health-related quality of life outcomes of surgery for diffuse glioma: A systematic review and pooled analysis. Neuro-Oncology Practice. 2026; doi:10.1093/nop/npaf111.
  44. Park JK. Epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, and diagnosis of meningioma. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 15, 2026.
  45. Pituitary tumors. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pituitary-tumors.html. Accessed July 15, 2026.
  46. Surgery for pituitary tumors. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pituitary-tumors/treating/surgery.html. Accessed July 15, 2026.
  47. Toader C, et al. Comparison of transcranial and transsphenoidal approaches in intra and suprasellar pituitary adenoma — Systematic review. Acta Endocrinologica. 2023; doi:10.4183/aeb.2023.228.
  48. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Aug. 7, 2026.
  49. Hoh BL, et al. 2023 Guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023; doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000436.
  50. Demirtaş OK, et al. Revisiting the combined approach of Yaşargil for microsurgical removal of intra‑extraventricular and pure intraventricular craniopharyngiomas. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2025; doi:10.1007/s00701-025-06560-1.
  51. After brain tumor treatment in adults. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-adults/after-treatment.html. Accessed July 28, 2026.
  52. Brain tumors in adults. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-adults.html. Accessed July 17, 2026.
  53. Phillips KR, et al. Predictors of extended length of stay related to craniotomy for tumor resection. World Neurosurgery X. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100176.
  54. Childhood astrocytomas, other gliomas, and glioneuronal/neuronal tumors treatment (PDQ) — health professional version. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq. Accessed July 17, 2026.
  55. Adeleye O, et al. Postoperative symptoms and patient satisfaction after standard or minimally invasive pterional craniotomy for intracranial aneurysms. Cureus. 2026; doi:10.7759/cureus.111828.
  56. Kim HB, et al. The efficacy of surgical site suction drain insertion in pterional craniotomy for intracranial cerebral aneurysm. Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery. 2024; doi:10.7461/jcen.2024.E2023.08.001.
  57. Anesthesia care team. American Society of Anesthesiologists. https://madeforthismoment.asahq.org/anesthesia-101/anesthesia-care-team. Accessed July 24, 2026.
  58. General anesthesia. American Society of Anesthesiologists. https://madeforthismoment.asahq.org/anesthesia-101/types-of-anesthesia/general-anesthesia. Accessed July 24, 2026.
  59. Bertani R, et al. Minimally invasive craniotomies for lesions of the anterior and middle fossa. Neurosurgical Review. 2022; doi:10.1007/s10143-022-01850-z.
  60. Florez-Perdomo WA, et al. Supraorbital vs pterional keyhole for anterior circulation aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurgery. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100177.
  61. Brunner A, et al. Minimally invasive supraorbital vs. traditional pterional approaches in unruptured aneurysm surgery: Evaluating risks and results. Brain Sciences. 2025; doi:10.3390/brainsci15121315.
  62. Kreul TG, et al. Functional and cosmetic outcomes of pterional craniotomy and its modifications: A scoping review. Cureus. 2026; doi:10.7759/cureus.108862.
  63. Rodrigues de Oliveira MP, et al. Pterional vs. mini-pterional craniotomy for intracranial aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgical Review. 2025; doi:10.1007/s10143-025-03221-w.
  64. Jackson M, et al. Predictors of temporalis muscle atrophy and head asymmetry following frontotemporal craniotomy: A retrospective analysis of clinical factors and volumetric comparison. Surgical Neurology International. 2025; doi:10.25259/SNI_996_2024.
  65. Mansour LT, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of minimally invasive approaches compared to standard pterional craniotomy for cerebral aneurysms in 4140 patients. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2026; doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2026.111893.
  66. Chen J, et al. Different sides of craniotomy for anteriorly superiorly projecting anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipping: Outcome and long-term cognitive function: A single-center retrospective study. World Neurosurgery. 2025; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2025.123695.
  67. Surgery for brain tumors in adults. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-adults/treating/surgery.html. Accessed July 21, 2026.
  68. AskMayoExpert. Periprocedural glycemic control (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2024.
  69. Dowlatshahi S, et al. Type 2 diabetes management in inpatients. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 21, 2026.
  70. Berkow LC. Airway management for general anesthesia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 24, 2026.
  71. Choi TW, et al. Comparative study of the refined mini-pterional approach with reduced skin incision versus the conventional mini-pterional approach for clipping unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms: a propensity score-matched analysis. Neurosurgical Review. 2025; doi:10.1007/s10143-025-03547-5.
  72. Medicines. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/for-patients/preparing-for-surgery/strong-for-surgery/medicines. Accessed July 21, 2026.
  73. Sweitzer B. Preoperative medicine: evaluating and optimizing patients before anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science. 2026; doi:10.1007/s44254-025-00134-1.
  74. Leskinen S, et al. Applications of functional magnetic resonance imaging to the study of functional connectivity and activation in neurological disease: A scoping review of the literature. World Neurosurgery. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.06.003.
  75. Functional MRI (fMRI). RadiologyInfo.org. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/fmribrain. Accessed July 22, 2026.
  76. Chen H, et al. The extended pterional approach allows satisfactory results for the resection of huge medial sphenoid ridge meningioma. World Neurosurgery. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.05.054.
  77. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Aug. 2, 2022.

Pterional craniotomy