Metastatic (stage 4) pancreatic cancer

诊断

To diagnose metastatic pancreatic cancer, also called stage 4 pancreatic cancer, your healthcare team might start by asking about your symptoms and doing an exam.

The tests you need may depend on your symptoms and your situation. Metastatic pancreatic cancer is often found when the cancer is first diagnosed. Or distant tumors may be found during follow-up after treatment for earlier stage pancreatic cancer.

Tests for pancreatic cancer metastasis may include imaging tests, blood tests and a biopsy to remove a sample of tissue. Your care team will likely advise genetic testing and tumor testing to help direct treatment.

Imaging tests

Imaging tests make pictures of the body that healthcare teams can use to look for signs of cancer. What imaging tests you have depends on your specific situation. Evaluation of metastatic pancreatic cancer typically involves imaging of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Imaging tests may include:

• Computerized tomography (CT) scan.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Your healthcare team chooses the imaging tests based on your symptoms and the results of other tests.

Biopsy

A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. How the healthcare team does the biopsy may depend on where the cancer has spread. Most of the time, it is done with an endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle biopsy. This procedure is the preferred way to get a tissue diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Depending on the location of a metastatic tumor, a healthcare professional may put a needle through the skin and into a tumor, such as a tumor in the liver, to get the tissue sample. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the sample.

Blood tests

Blood tests can't confirm a diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic cancer. But they can help your healthcare team check your overall health. And sometimes, specific blood tests may help your team monitor the effects of your treatment.

• Complete blood count. This test measures the number of blood cells in a blood sample. It gives the healthcare team clues about your overall health.
• Liver function tests. These tests measure how well the liver is working. The results may help your healthcare team understand whether cancer is affecting your liver. They also can be used to monitor your body's response to certain procedures used to relieve blockage of the bile duct, such as a stent placement.
• CA 19-9. Pancreatic cancer cells make proteins called tumor markers. One tumor marker test used in pancreatic cancer is called CA 19-9. Healthcare professionals often repeat this test during and after treatment to see how the cancer responds to the treatment. Some pancreatic cancers don't make extra CA 19-9, so this test isn't helpful for everyone.

Genetic and tumor testing

Your care team may recommend tests that look for specific genetic changes. These tests can help identify treatments that may work for your cancer. There are two main types:

• Germline testing. This test looks for inherited gene changes that are present throughout the body. These changes can be passed down through families. A few examples are changes in the BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2 genes. Knowing this information is important because some cancer medicines work better in people who have these DNA changes. The results also may provide information about cancer risk that can be helpful for your blood relatives.
• Tumor testing. This test also is called molecular profiling or tumor sequencing. It looks for gene changes in the cancer itself. Some targeted therapy and immunotherapy medicines may work better against cancer cells that have certain genetic changes. For example, changes in the KRAS gene are found in most pancreatic cancers. These changes can help cancer cells grow. Tumor testing can identify the specific KRAS change. Sometimes, the result may help guide treatment or find a clinical trial.

治疗

Metastatic pancreatic cancer is not considered curable. But treatment can help control the cancer, ease symptoms and help you live as well as you can for as long as you can.

Treatment aimed at the cancer itself often includes chemotherapy. If you inherited certain DNA changes or your cancer cells have certain DNA changes, your treatment may include targeted therapy or immunotherapy.

Supportive care and palliative care are for anyone with metastatic pancreatic cancer. These are not the same as hospice care. They are not limited to end of life. They can be given at the same time as cancer treatment. They can help you avoid hospitalization and let you stay safely at home.

Which treatment or combination of treatments you and your care team choose depends on factors such as:

• Your overall health.
• How active and independent you are.
• Your liver and kidney function.
• Symptoms caused by the cancer.
• Treatments you have had before.
• Results of genetic and tumor testing.

Your goals and priorities also help guide treatment decisions. Some people want treatment that may help them live as long as possible, even if it causes more side effects. Others place greater importance on maintaining quality of life and limiting treatment side effects. Talk openly with your cancer care team and the people close to you about what matters most to you so that everyone understands the goals of your care.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. For some people, chemotherapy can shrink or slow metastatic pancreatic cancer, ease symptoms and extend life. It also can cause significant side effects. The possible benefits depend in part on how healthy and active you are and on the biology of your cancer.

Ask your care team to explain the likely benefits and side effects for you. Also ask if there are other treatment options that might work. Treatment can be changed or stopped if its burdens become greater than its benefits.

First treatment options may include different combinations of chemotherapy medicines. Studies show that these medicines may prolong life in some people. For some people who are less able to tolerate combination treatment, a single chemotherapy medicine or a less intensive approach may be considered.

The care team may continue treatment as long as:

• The cancer is responding or staying stable.
• Side effects stay manageable.
• Treatment continues to fit your goals.

You likely will receive chemotherapy through an intravenous line (IV). Sometimes the treatment is given as a pill. You get treatment in cycles, with periods of treatment followed by rest.

Scans, symptoms and blood tests to check liver function and sometimes CA 19-9 levels help your team judge how treatment is working.

If the cancer worsens during treatment, another treatment may be possible. The choice often depends on your health, what medicines were used first and whether you have genetic changes that can be targeted with treatment.

Targeted therapy

Germline testing and tumor testing may find DNA changes or changes in the tumor cells themselves that can be targeted more precisely with treatment.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a few targeted medicines called inhibitors. These medicines block specific chemicals in cancer cells. They have shown promise in prolonging survival for some people with metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Other, rare molecular findings may make targeted treatments or clinical trials possible for you.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer. It is not effective for most pancreatic cancers. But it may be an option for the small number of tumors with certain characteristics, such as high microsatellite instability, also called deficient mismatch repair.

Ask your care team whether your tumor has been tested for changes that could make immunotherapy an option.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. They can be an important part of care for people with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Trials study new medicines, new combinations of treatments and therapies aimed at specific molecular changes. The risk of side effects might not be known at first. Ask your healthcare team if you might be able to take part in a clinical trial.

Supportive and palliative care

Supportive care aims to treat complications of metastatic cancer. Palliative care is a specialized type of care. It can help ease symptoms and increase your quality of life.

Supportive care may include:

• Unblocking the bile duct. A pancreatic tumor can grow to block the bile duct. This can cause jaundice along with dark urine, pale stools and itching. A procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to put a small tube called a stent into the bile duct to hold it open.
• Enzyme replacement. The pancreas makes enzymes that help digest food. Pancreatic cancer often lessens the amount of these enzymes that reaches the intestine. This is called pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Signs can include weight loss, pale or floating stools, and gas or bloating. Your care team may prescribe pancreatic enzyme replacement medicine to take with food.
• Clearing the digestive path for food. Cancer can sometimes make it difficult for food to pass from the stomach into the intestine. Symptoms may include feeling full quickly, nausea and repeated vomiting. Treatment may include placing a stent to make room for food to pass through. A dietitian who works with people who have cancer also can help you find foods that are easier to tolerate.
• Managing pain. Pancreatic cancer may cause significant belly or back pain. Pain can be treated in several ways. Options may include pain medicines and radiation therapy. Or your team may recommend a procedure called a celiac plexus block, also known as neurolysis. This procedure interrupts pain signals from nerves near the pancreas.
• Increasing well-being. Members of your care team who specialize in palliative care can help you find ways to sleep better, relax and breathe more easily. They also can help you, your caregiver and your family members find ways to ease stress, anxiety or depression. Start a conversation with your care team about ways to increase your comfort and well-being.

The goal is to help you live as well as possible while treatment decisions continue.

Stopping cancer treatment

A time may come when you and your care team decide that treatment has little chance of prolonging your life or that the side effects are more than you're willing to accept. The focus of your treatment may switch to finding comfort and helping you have the highest possible quality of life. Choosing to stop cancer-directed treatment doesn't mean giving up. It may allow you to spend more time and energy on the people, activities and experiences that matter most to you.

There is no exact timeline for how metastatic pancreatic cancer gets worse. This is known as progression. Changes may occur gradually or quickly. Near the end of life, people with advanced cancer often experience increasing weakness and tiredness. They may sleep more, eat and drink less, need more help with daily activities, and develop changes in breathing or alertness. These changes do not occur in exactly the same way or at the same time for everyone.

Ask your care team to tell you what changes to watch for and which team member to call day or night. Hospice and palliative care teams can treat pain and other symptoms and support caregivers.

Prognosis

Treatment options for metastatic pancreatic cancer have improved. But there are no proven ways to cure it. Most people with this diagnosis will die from their cancers.

Studies of people diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer have found a five-year survival rate of less than 5%. Cancer survival rates come from studying many people with the same cancer to see how many are living a certain number of years after diagnosis.

This means that some people do live five years or longer after a diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic cancer. But long-term survival is uncommon. Most often, survival is described in months.

If you want to know more about your personal outlook, talk about it with your healthcare team. Your care team knows the details of your cancer and treatment. Care team members can help you understand what it means for you.

When thinking about your prognosis, your healthcare team might consider:

• Your overall health.
• Whether this is your first diagnosis or whether the cancer has returned.
• The treatments you had previously.
• The places where the cancer has spread.
• The symptoms caused by the cancer.
• The DNA changes present in the cancer cells.

Some people want to know as much as possible about prognosis and life expectancy. Others choose to focus on treatment and day-to-day life. The amount of information that feels helpful is different for everyone.

临床试验

探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法，旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。

生活方式与家庭疗法

Living with metastatic pancreatic cancer can involve changing symptoms and energy levels. Small practical steps may help you manage day to day.

Modify your eating habits

Weight loss and appetite changes are common. Rather than trying to force large meals, you may find it easier to:

• Eat smaller amounts more often.
• Choose foods with more calories and protein when you can tolerate them.
• Drink fluids throughout the day.
• Keep easy-to-eat foods nearby.
• Ask for help with shopping and preparing meals.

Tell your care team if stools become oily or floating, if you are losing weight quickly, or if eating causes frequent bloating or diarrhea. These may be signs that you need pancreatic enzyme replacement, which can help you absorb nutrients.

Ask to talk with a registered dietitian if eating is hard.

As a person approaches the end of life, the body's need and desire for food often lessen. Forcing food can cause discomfort. At that stage, nutrition goals may shift from maintaining weight toward comfort and foods or fluids the person wants and can safely tolerate.

Move as you can

Activity may help maintain strength and independence.

Your energy may change from day to day. Choose activities that are safe for you and allow time for rest. Ask your care team or a physical therapist about ways to stay active if weakness, pain or trouble with balance is limiting you.

Keep track of symptoms

Tell your care team about symptoms early rather than waiting until they are severe. It may help to keep notes on:

• Pain.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Appetite and weight.
• Stools.
• Sleep.
• Energy.
• New swelling.
• Side effects after treatment.

This information can help your care team adjust medicines and supportive care.

妥善处理与支持

A diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic cancer can bring many emotions, including shock, worry, anger, sadness and uncertainty about what comes next. There's no right way to react.

Give yourself time to adjust. Eventually, you may gain a clearer sense of what matters most to you. You may find it easier to make decisions about the future, spend more time with people you care about or let go of things that feel less important. This process takes time, and it may not follow a straight path.

Explore sources of support

Consider telling your care team what is hardest for you. Support may be available from:

• Oncology nurses.
• Social workers.
• Palliative care specialists.
• Mental health professionals.
• Spiritual counselors.
• Dietitians.
• Financial counselors.
• Cancer support groups.
• Family members and friends.

Take the lead where you can

It also can help to talk about what matters most to you if your health changes. An advance directive can document your wishes for medical care. You also can choose someone to make healthcare decisions for you if you become unable to make them yourself.

These conversations can happen while you are feeling well. They can help you feel more in charge of your situation.

Seek financial assistance

Cancer care can be costly. Along with paying medical bills, you may have other expenses, such as travel, lodging, childcare or time away from work. These costs can affect more than your budget. They also can add to the stress that often comes with having cancer.

If you're facing financial troubles because of your cancer care, it's important to get help. Tell someone on your cancer care team as soon as possible.

Most cancer clinics have staff who can talk with you and your caregiver about finances related to cancer treatment. This may include social workers, case managers and financial counselors.

Handling finances can often feel overwhelming. Consider asking a trusted family member or friend who is capable in this area for help keeping track of bills, insurance claims and key contacts.

准备您的预约

Before an appointment, write down your questions and any changes you have noticed. Consider bringing someone with you to listen and take notes.

What you can do

Bring information that may help your care team understand how you are doing. This may include:

• A list of medicines, vitamins and supplements you take.
• A list of symptoms and when they started.
• Notes about side effects from treatment.
• Your recent weight, if you monitor it at home.
• Your family history of cancer.
• Results of genetic testing, if testing was done elsewhere.
• Your most important questions.

Questions you may want to ask include:

• Where has my cancer spread?
• What is the goal of treatment?
• What treatments are reasonable for me?
• What benefit might I expect from treatment?
• What side effects are most important to know about?
• How will we know whether treatment is working?
• Have I had germline genetic testing?
• Has my tumor had molecular profiling?
• Could targeted therapy or immunotherapy apply to my cancer?

Additional questions may include:

• Is there a clinical trial I could consider?
• Who should I call if my symptoms get worse?
• Can I meet with a palliative care specialist?
• Can you help me understand my prognosis based on my health and how my cancer is responding?
• At what point would hospice care be helpful?

What to expect from your doctor

Your care team may ask about:

• Pain and other symptoms.
• How much you are eating and drinking.
• Weight changes.
• Bowel habits.
• Your ability to walk, work and manage daily activities.
• Side effects from treatment.
• Your priorities and goals for care.

Tell your team what matters most to you. For some people, the top goal is living as long as possible. For others, avoiding certain side effects, staying at home, being able to travel or maintaining independence may be especially important. These preferences can help guide treatment decisions.