要对有头部外伤的患者进行急救，请拨打 911 或您当地的急救电话。以下任一体征或症状均可能表明头部严重受伤：
成人
- 头部或面部严重出血
- 鼻子或耳朵出血或漏液
- 呕吐
- 剧烈头痛
- 意识变化持续超过数秒
- 眼下或耳后出现黑青色
- 停止呼吸
- 意识错乱
- 躁动
- 失去平衡
- 手臂或腿部无力或无法使用
- 瞳孔大小不同
- 言语不清
- 癫痫发作
儿童
- 任何成人体征或症状
- 持续哭泣
- 拒绝进食
- 囟门部位隆起（婴儿）
- 反复呕吐
在等待紧急医疗救助的过程中，请先实施以下急救步骤：
- 让伤者原地不动。让伤者躺倒，头部和肩部稍微抬高。除非有必要，否则不要移动伤者，还应避免移动伤者的颈部。如果伤者戴着头盔，请勿取下。
- 止血。用无菌纱布或干净的布用力按压伤口。但是如果您怀疑存在颅骨骨折，请勿直接按压伤口。
- 留意呼吸和警觉性变化。如果伤者没有循环体征，即停止呼吸、咳嗽或活动，请开始实施心肺复苏（CPR）。
导致脑震荡症状（如恶心、不稳、头痛或难以集中注意力）的头部外伤应该由医务人员评估。
Feb. 18, 2023
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