When memory loss isn't dementia

You misplaced your keys and completely forgot about this morning's dentist appointment. Yesterday, you accidentally left your groceries in the car. And when you asked your daughter how her date was, she reminded you that you'd already asked that.

You're beginning to worry that you're showing signs of dementia. But could it be something else?

When it's mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Mild cognitive impairment is often the first step in the decline from normal cognitive function to dementia.

The primary symptom of MCI is usually noticeable memory loss — for example, difficulties remembering appointments or recent conversations. But the memory loss isn't enough to prevent you from being independent.

Up to 20% of adults 65 and older may have MCI.

When it's not MCI or dementia

Sometimes, memory loss is attributed to mild cognitive impairment, when in fact it's being caused by treatable conditions. These may include:

• Side effects from certain medications, like opioids, antihistamines, antidepressants or urinary incontinence drugs.
• Sleep disturbances, like obstructive sleep apnea or insomnia.
• Vision or hearing loss.
• Infections, including HIV, syphilis, urinary tract infections and infections involving the brain.
• Poor nutrition.
• Alcohol consumption.
• Depression or anxiety.
• High or low blood sugar.
• Dehydration.
• Accumulation of fluid in the brain (normal-pressure hydrocephalus).
• Thyroid disease.
• Vitamin B-12 deficiency.
• Physical inactivity.
• Social isolation.

Check with your healthcare team if you're experiencing memory problems. Your care team can help you determine whether a treatable condition is causing your symptoms.