كتل كيس الصفن

26 يونيو 2026
  1. Brenner JS, et al. Causes of painless scrotal swelling in children and adolescents. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 18, 2023.
  2. AskMayoExpert. Scrotal mass (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2022.
  3. Brenner JS, et al. Causes of scrotal pain in children and adolescents. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 18, 2023.
  4. Langan R, et al. Scrotal masses. American Family Physician. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html. Accessed Jan. 19, 2023.
  5. Andreas A, et al., eds. The male reproductive structures. In: Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology: A Textbook of Medical Imaging. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 18, 2023.
  6. Walls RM, et al., eds. Pediatric genitourinary and renal tract disorders. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 18, 2023.
  7. Eyre RC. Nonacute scrotal conditions in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 18, 2023.
  8. Surgery for testicular cancer. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/treating/surgery.html. Accessed Jan. 20, 2023.
  9. Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html. Accessed Jan 18, 2023.
  10. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 26, 2023.
  11. What is testicular self-examination? Urology Care Foundation. https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/t/testicular-self-exam. Accessed Jan. 19, 2023.
  12. Bibi M, et al. Idiopathic chronic hematocele mimicking a mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. Urology Case Reports. 2018; doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2018.07.022.
  13. Risk factors for testicular cancer. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html. Accessed Jan. 20, 2023.
  14. Chemotherapy for testicular cancer. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html. Accessed Jan. 20, 2023.
  15. Radiation therapy for testicular cancer. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/treating/radiation-therapy.html. Accessed Jan. 20, 2023.
  16. What is testicular cancer? Urology Care Foundation. https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/t/testicular-cancer. Accessed Jan. 20, 2023.
  17. Can testicular cancer be found early? American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html. Accessed Jan. 20, 2023.
  18. Walls RM, et al., eds. Urologic disorders. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 23, 2023.