النفخات القلبية

إعداد فريق مايو كلينك
05 سبتمبر 2026
  1. Sumski CA, et al. Evaluating chest pain and heart murmurs in pediatric and adolescent patients. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2020.05.003.
  2. Elmoselhi E, ed. The cardiac cycle. In: Cardiology: An Integrated Approach. McGraw Hill; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  3. Meyer TE. Auscultation of cardiac murmurs in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  4. AskMayoExpert. Infective endocarditis (IE) prophylaxis. Mayo Clinic; 2021.
  5. Heart murmurs. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-murmurs. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  6. Geggel RL. Approach to the infant or child with a cardiac murmur. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  7. AskMayoExpert. Innocent cardiac murmur (child). Mayo Clinic; 2021.
  8. Otto CM, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.018.
  9. Cardiac auscultation. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/approach-to-the-cardiac-patient/cardiac-auscultation. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  10. Medications for heart valve symptoms. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/understanding-your-heart-valve-treatment-options/medications-for-heart-valve-symptoms. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  11. Libby P, et al., eds. History and physical examination: An evidence-based approach. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  12. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Oct. 13, 2020.
  13. Options and considerations for heart valve surgery. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/understanding-your-heart-valve-treatment-options/options-and-considerations-for-heart-valve-surgery. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  14. Mrsic C, et al. Valvular heart disease. Primary Care. 2018; doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.10.002.
  15. Yoon SA, et al. Congenital heart disease diagnosed with echocardiogram in newborns with asymptomatic cardiac murmurs: A systematic review. BMC Pediatrics. 2020; doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02212-8.
  16. Naish J, et al., eds. The cardiovascular system. In: Medical Sciences. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2019. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed March 31, 2022.
  17. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. April 7, 2022.