انتفاخ الرئة

07 أكتوبر 2026
  1. COPD. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/copd. Accessed March 13, 2024.
  2. Nici L, et al. Pharmacologic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2020; doi:10.1164/rccm.202003-0625ST.
  3. Ferri FF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2024. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 2, 2024.
  4. Wingardh ASL, et al. Effectiveness of energy conservation techniques in patients with COPD. Respiration. 2020; doi:10.1159/000506816.
  5. Agustí A, et al. Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2023; doi:10.1164/rccm.202301-0106PP.
  6. Martinez FJ. Lung volume reduction surgery in COPD. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed April 2, 2024.
  7. Goldman L, et al., eds. Occupational lung disease. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 2, 2024.
  8. Broaddus VC, et al., eds. COPD: Pathogenesis and natural history. In: Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 2, 2024.
  9. Broaddus VC, et al., eds. COPD: Diagnosis and management. In: Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 2, 2024.
  10. Machuzak MS. Bronchoscopic treatment of emphysema. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed April 3, 2024.
  11. Cor pulmonale. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/heart-failure/cor-pulmonale#. Accessed April 4, 2024.
  12. Pneumothorax. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-pleural-disorders/pneumothorax. Accessed April 4, 2024.
  13. Grennan D, et al. Steroid side effects. JAMA. 2019; doi:10.1001/jama.2019.8506.
  14. Zhang Y, et al. Effects of ambient temperature on acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results from a time-series analysis of 143318 hospitalizations. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2020; doi:10.2147/COPD.S224198.
  15. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Oct. 20, 2024.