اضطراب طيف التوحد

إعداد فريق مايو كلينك
28 أغسطس 2026
  1. Autism spectrum disorder. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2022. https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  2. Zhang Y, et al. Genetic evidence of gender difference in autism spectrum disorder supports female-protective effect. Translational Psychiatry. 2020; doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0699-8.
  3. Hull L, et al. The female autism phenotype and camouflaging: A narrative review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2020; doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9.
  4. Brown AY. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Feb. 23, 2021.
  5. Kirsch AC, et al. Association of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders with autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatrics. 2020; doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4368.
  6. Huang J-S, et al. Risk of substance use disorder and its associations with comorbidities and psychotropic agents in patients with autism. JAMA Pediatrics. 2021; doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5371.
  7. Taylor MJ, et al. Etiology of autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits over time. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020; doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0680.
  8. AskMayoExpert. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mayo Clinic; 2024.
  9. Rzepka-Migut B, et al. Efficacy and safety of melatonin treatment in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-A Review. Brain Sciences. 2020; doi:10.3390/brainsci10040219.
  10. Kliegman RM, et al. Autism spectrum disorder. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier; 2025. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  11. Burks AW, et al. Adverse reactions to vaccines. In: Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  12. Kellerman RD, et al. Autism. In: Conn's Current Therapy 2024. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  13. Rakel D, ed. Autism spectrum disorder. In: Integrative Medicine. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  14. Hyman SL, et al. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020; doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3447.
  15. Ferri FF. Autism spectrum disorder. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2025. Elsevier; 2025. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  16. Enner S, et al. Autism: Considerations for transitions of care into adulthood. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2020; doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000882.
  17. Beware of potentially dangerous products and therapies that claim to treat autism. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/be-aware-potentially-dangerous-products-and-therapies-claim-treat-autism. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  18. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/autism/about/index.html. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  19. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 9, 2025.
  20. Friel C, et al. Prenatal vitamins and the risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. MDPI. 2021; 10.3390/nu13082558.
  21. Hirota T, et al. Autism spectrum disorder: A review. JAMA. 2023; doi:10.1001/jama.2022.23661.
  22. Grosvenor LP, et al. Autism diagnosis among US children and adults, 2011-2022. JAMA. 2024; doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.42218.
  23. Feldman HM, ed. Integrative medicine for disorders of development and behavior. In: Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 15, 2024.
  24. Petti T, et al. Management of sleep disorders in autism spectrum disorder with co-occurring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: update for clinicians. BJPsych Open. 2024; doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.589.
  25. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 8, 2025.