概述

避孕贴是一种含有雌激素和黄体酮的避孕工具。使用避孕贴是为了避免怀孕。

您需要每周在皮肤上贴一个小贴片,持续三周,共计 21 天。第四周是月经期,无需使用贴片。

避孕贴的作用类似于混合避孕药。避孕贴通过向血液中释放阻止卵巢排卵的激素来阻止怀孕。此外,避孕贴还会使宫颈中的黏液增厚,阻止精子与卵子接触。

您需要医务人员开具处方才能使用避孕贴。避孕贴无法预防性传播感染(STI)。

目的

避孕贴用于防止怀孕。与其他类型的避孕方法相比,避孕贴有一些优点:

  • 无需为避孕而中断性生活。
  • 不需要伴侣的配合即可使用。
  • 不需要每天注意,也不需要每天都记得吃药。
  • 它提供稳定剂量的荷尔蒙。
  • 如果您难以吞咽药片,它更容易使用。
  • 它可以随时取下,让您快速恢复生育能力。

然而,避孕贴并非适合所有人。如果存在以下情况,医务人员可能会建议不要使用避孕贴:

  • 年龄超过 35 岁且吸烟
  • 有胸部疼痛或心脏病发作、卒中或严重高血压病史
  • 有血凝块病史
  • 有乳腺癌、子宫癌或肝癌病史
  • 体重超过 198 磅(90 千克)
  • 有肝病或有先兆的偏头痛
  • 有糖尿病相关的肾脏、眼睛、神经或血管并发症
  • 有不明原因的阴道出血
  • 在怀孕期间或以前服用激素避孕药时,出现眼白或皮肤变黄(黄疸)
  • 即将进行大手术,无法像往常一样走动
  • 正在服用药物或草本补充剂
  • 对避孕贴的任何部分都很敏感

此外,如果存在以下情况,也请告知医务人员:

  • 正在母乳喂养或最近经历过分娩或流产
  • 担心乳房自我检查发现的新的乳房肿块或变化
  • 服用治疗癫痫的药物
  • 患有糖尿病或胆囊、肝脏、心脏或肾脏疾病
  • 胆固醇或甘油三酯类过高
  • 月经不规律
  • 患有抑郁症
  • 有皮肤状况,如银屑病或湿疹

风险

如果使用得当,在使用避孕贴的第一年,每 100 名女性中通常只有不到 1 人会怀孕。在典型的一年使用期间内,估计每 100 名女性中有 7 至 9 名会怀孕。典型的使用状况可能包括忘记按时更换避孕贴,或发现贴片有较长一段时间从皮肤上松动。

避孕贴无法预防性传染疾病(STI)。

避孕贴的副作用可能包括:

  • 增加凝血问题、心脏病发作、卒中、肝癌、胆囊疾病和高血压的风险
  • 突破性出血或点滴出血
  • 皮肤刺激
  • 乳房触痛或乳房疼痛
  • 月经痛
  • 头痛
  • 恶心或呕吐
  • 腹痛
  • 情绪波动
  • 体重增长
  • 头晕
  • 痤疮
  • 腹泻
  • 肌痉挛
  • 阴道感染和阴道溢液
  • 疲劳
  • 体液潴留

一些研究表明,与口服复方避孕药相比,避孕贴可能会增加体内的雌激素水平。这可能意味着,与服用复方避孕药的人相比,避孕贴使用者发生与雌性激素相关的不良事件(如血凝块)的风险略高。

如何进行准备

您需要向医疗服务提供者申请购买避孕贴的处方。医疗服务提供者会检查您的病史和血压。告诉医疗服务提供者您正在服用的药物,包括非处方药和草药产品。

可能出现的情况

要使用避孕贴:

  • 请与医疗服务提供者讨论开始使用的日期。如果您是第一次使用避孕贴,请等待经期的第一天。然后,如果您采用“首日开始”法,则应在经期首日使用第一片避孕贴。无需使用备用避孕方法。如果使用“周日开始”法,则应在经期后的第一个周日使用第一片避孕贴。第一周需使用备用避孕方式。
  • 选择在哪个部位使用避孕贴。您可以将贴片贴在臀部、上外臂、下腹部或上半身。请勿将其贴于乳房或会被摩擦到的地方,如胸罩肩带下。请在清洁干燥的皮肤区域使用。避免在皮肤发红、受刺激或被割伤的部位使用。不要在要贴贴片的皮肤部位涂抹乳液、乳霜、粉剂或使用化妆品。如果皮肤出现刺激,请取下贴片,并在不同的皮肤部位贴上新的贴片。
  • 使用贴片。小心地打开铝箔包装。用手指甲掀起避孕贴的一角。将贴片和塑料膜从包装袋中剥出,然后把透明保护膜掀起一半。注意不要剪切、改动或损坏贴片。将贴片的黏性面贴在皮肤上,然后揭下其余保护膜。用手掌紧紧按住贴片表面约 10 秒钟。将其抚平,确保边缘粘好。保留贴片一周时间。不要在盆浴、淋浴、游泳或运动时撕下贴片。
  • 更换贴片。连续三周,在每周的同一天为身体贴上新的避孕贴。请将每个新贴片贴在不同的皮肤部位,以免出现刺激。取下贴片后,将黏性面对折,然后扔进垃圾桶。请勿将其冲入马桶。用婴儿润肤油或乳液去除残留在皮肤上的粘合剂。
  • 定期检查贴片,以确保它仍然在原位。如果贴片部分或完全脱落,无法重新粘贴,请立即更换新的贴片。如果贴片不再有黏性、贴片自己粘在一起或粘在其他表面上,或有其他材料粘在了上面,不要再把它贴在身上。不要使用其他粘合剂或包裹物来固定贴片。如果避孕贴片部分或完全脱落超过 24 小时,请使用新的避孕贴片,并使用备用的避孕方法一周。
  • 第四周无需使用贴片。请不要在第四周使用新的贴片,那时是您的月经期。第四周结束后,在和前几周使用贴片的同一天使用新的贴片。
  • 如果使用新贴片的日期延迟,请使用备用避孕方法。如果第一周使用避孕贴片的时间延迟,或第二周、第三周使用避孕贴片的延迟时间超过两天,请立即使用新的避孕贴,并使用备用的避孕方法一周。

如果有以下情况,请尽快咨询医务人员:

  • 急剧的胸部疼痛、突然的气短或咳血,这可能是发生血凝块的体征
  • 腿部持续疼痛或出现其他表明腿部有血凝块的体征
  • 突然的部分或完全失明,或出现表明眼睛里有血凝块的体征
  • 有压迫性胸部疼痛或其他心脏病发作的体征
  • 出现突发性剧烈头痛、视力或语言障碍、手臂或腿部麻木或其他卒中症状
  • 皮肤或眼白发黄,可能伴有发热、疲劳、食欲不振、尿液颜色深或大便颜色浅的情况
  • 严重失眠、疲劳或感到悲伤
  • 严重的腹痛或触痛
  • 乳房肿块在 1 至 2 个月经周期内持续存在或增大
  • 连续两次月经未来或有其他怀孕体征

Choose where to put the patch

You can put the patch on your buttock, upper outer arm, lower belly or upper body. Don't put it on your breasts or in a place where it will be rubbed, such as under a bra strap. Put it on clean, dry skin. Don't put it on skin that has changed color or is irritated or cut. Don't put lotions, creams, powders or makeup on the skin where you will place the patch. If skin irritation develops, take off the patch and put on a new patch in a different area.

Put the patch on your skin

To place the birth control patch on your skin:

  • Carefully open the foil pouch.
  • Lift one corner of the birth control patch.
  • Peel the patch and the plastic liner away from the pouch.
  • Peel away half of the protective clear lining. Be careful not to cut, change or damage the patch.
  • Put the sticky surface of the patch on your skin and remove the rest of the liner.
  • Press down firmly on top of the patch with the palm of your hand for about 10 seconds.
  • Smooth out the patch. Make sure that the edges stick well.

Leave the patch on for seven days. Don't take it off when you bathe, shower, swim or exercise.

Change the patch

Take off the old patch and put on a new birth control patch each week, on the same day of the week, for three weeks in a row. Put each new patch in a different area of skin to avoid irritation.

After you take off a patch, fold it in half with the sticky sides together and throw it in the trash. Don't flush it down the toilet. Use baby oil or lotion to remove any adhesive that's left on your skin.

Check the patch regularly to make sure it's still in place

If part or all of the patch comes off your skin and you can't get it to stick to the skin again, replace it with a new patch right away. Don't put a patch back on if it's no longer sticky, if it gets stuck to itself or something else, or if it has other material stuck to it.

Don't use other adhesives or wraps to hold a patch in place. If part or all of a patch comes off your skin for more than 24 hours, put on a new patch. Then use another form of birth control for one week.

Skip the patch during the fourth week

Don't put on a new patch during the fourth week. You'll typically have a period during that week. After the fourth week ends, put on a new patch the same day of the week that you put on a patch during the weeks before.

If you're late putting on a new patch, use another form of birth control

If you're late putting on the birth control patch by one day or more the first week, or by more than two days the second or third week, put on a new patch right away. Then use another form of birth control for seven days.

Get medical care right away if you have any of the following symptoms while you're using the birth control patch.

Symptoms of a blood clot, such as:

  • Sharp chest pain.
  • Sudden shortness of breath.
  • Coughing that brings up blood.
  • Leg pain that doesn't go away.
  • Sudden vision loss.

Symptoms of a heart attack, such as:

  • Pain, pressure or tightness in the chest or upper belly.
  • Pain in the jaw, neck or upper back.
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Fainting.
  • Breaking out in a cold sweat.

Symptoms of a stroke, such as:

  • Sudden severe headache.
  • Issues with vision.
  • Trouble speaking.
  • Weakness or numbness in an arm or leg.

Symptoms of jaundice, including yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

Talk with your healthcare professional as soon as possible if you have any of the following symptoms:

  • A lot of trouble sleeping.
  • Feeling very tired.
  • Serious belly pain or tenderness.
  • A breast lump that lasts through one or two menstrual cycles or gets bigger over time.
  • Sadness that lasts over time.
  • Two missed periods or other signs of pregnancy.
    Feb. 09, 2023
    1. Birth control methods. Office on Women's Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/birth-control-methods. Accessed April 15, 2021.
    2. Xulane (prescribing information). Mylan Pharmaceuticals; 2021. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f7848550-086a-43d8-8ae5-047f4b9e4382. Accessed April 14, 2021.
    3. Burkman RT. Contraception: Transdermal contraceptive patches. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed April 13, 2021.
    4. Hatcher RA, et al., eds. Contraceptive patch and vaginal contraceptive ring. In: Contraceptive Technology. 21st ed. Ayer Company Publishers; 2018.
    5. Twirla (prescribing information). Agile Therapeutics; 2020. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcaf8db0-1750-425d-b008-255b5e7a9cc6. Accessed April 14, 2021.

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