哪种方式更安全:感染病毒还是接种疫苗?

    做出明智的健康决策,始于获取准确的信息。您可能会产生的一个疑问是,通过接种疫苗获得的免疫力是否比通过患病本身获得的免疫力更安全。以下是多年研究在病毒与疫苗之争中得出的结论。

    疫苗如何发挥保护作用

    疫苗为您的免疫系统提供了一种在不感染疾病本身的情况下,学习如何对抗病毒的方法。正如消防演习一样,您的身体在没有面临真实危险的情况下练习如何应对危险。

    与任何医学治疗一样,疫苗也可能出现副作用。大多数反应是轻微的,例如手臂酸痛或感觉疲倦一天。严重的副作用虽然可能发生,但极其罕见。医生和科学家会对其进行密切监测,以尽可能确保疫苗的安全性。

    与疫苗相比,2019 冠状病毒病(COVID-19)、麻疹、带状疱疹甚至流感等疾病引发严重并发症的频率要高得多。

    疫苗安全性与病毒风险

    每一项医疗选择都存在一定风险。关键在于风险与益处之间的权衡比较。对于疫苗而言,益处是巨大的。疫苗可以预防重病、住院治疗甚至死亡。例如,接种流感疫苗(又称注射流感疫苗)的人因流感住院的几率降低近 30%。疫苗产生严重副作用的风险虽然存在,但极为罕见。

    经对比可见,传染病产生危害的可能性远高于接种疫苗产生危害的可能性。这就是只要有安全有效的疫苗,医生和科学家就会建议接种的原因。疫苗的益处大于风险。

    感染病毒比接种疫苗更安全吗?

    自然免疫力是人体在感染康复后产生的保护力。有些人认为,生病比接种疫苗更能增强免疫力。对抗感染确实可以让您获得免疫力。但患病伴随着巨大风险:

    • 您可能会病得很重。 COVID-19、麻疹、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)和流感等病毒可导致住院、长期健康问题甚至死亡。
    • 自然免疫力并非总是强大或持久的。 对于某些疾病,如 COVID-19 和流感,免疫力会随时间推移而减弱,且可能无法针对新毒株提供保护。每年接种疫苗有助于提供持续的保护。加强针有助于预防病毒的新变种。
    • 您可能会传染给他人。 如果您感染了病毒,就可能会将其传播给他人。即使是轻症病例,对于老年人、年幼者或有慢性状况的人而言也可能变得十分危险。
    • 感染可导致长期问题。 长新冠就是一个例子。另一个例子是患水痘多年后又患上带状疱疹。如果针对原始病毒接种疫苗,发生此类并发症的风险会降低。

    与自然感染不同,疫苗接种具有一致性。每剂疫苗均采用相同的配方和规格,并于确定的日期接种。自然免疫力因感染的时间和方式而异。

    选择疫苗接种意味着您既能获得免疫力带来的益处,又能避免自己和周围人患病的风险。

    分病毒解析:接种疫苗是更安全的选择

    COVID-19

    感染 COVID-19 可能导致重症、长期症状甚至死亡,即使是健康人群也不例外。接种疫苗可降低重症和死亡的风险。

    有报告称,接种疫苗后出现了一些名为心肌炎的心脏炎症病例。但与接种疫苗相比,感染 COVID-19 后的风险要高得多。

    要点: 接种疫苗是更安全的选择。

    流感

    流感(也称为流行性感冒)可引起高热、身体疼痛、肺炎,导致需要住院治疗甚至死亡,在老年人或有健康问题的人群中尤其如此。注射流感疫苗是预防流感及其并发症的最好方法。

    要点: 在每个流行季节接种疫苗是更安全的选择。

    麻疹

    麻疹比其他任何病毒都更容易传播。它可以引起耳部感染、肺炎、呼吸问题、脑肿胀和死亡。每 1000 名麻疹患儿中,就会有 1 到 3 例死亡病例。

    麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹(MMR)联合疫苗可提供超过 99% 的长期保护,且副作用通常较为轻微。怀孕者和免疫系统功能低下的人群不应接种麻疹疫苗。

    要点: 该疫苗可预防一种危险的疾病及其并发症。

    HPV

    某些类型的人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)可引发癌症,包括宫颈癌、肛门癌和部分喉癌。HPV 疫苗安全有效,可以预防导致其中大多数癌症的 HPV 类型。事实上,在低龄阶段接种 HPV 疫苗可以预防 90% 以上的宫颈癌。

    要点: 接种疫苗有助于预防日后患癌。

    带状疱疹

    带状疱疹会引起疼痛性皮疹,并可能导致被称为带状疱疹后神经痛的长期神经疼痛。Shingrix 疫苗可保护大多数 50 岁及以上的成人,并降低发生该长期疼痛的风险。真实世界和临床试验数据均显示其具有极强的保护效力及良好的安全性记录。

    要点: 对于 50 岁及以上的成人以及许多免疫系统较弱的人群,接种疫苗是更安全的选择。

    RSV

    呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)对老年人和婴幼儿可能产生严重后果。适用于 60 岁及以上成人的 RSV 疫苗有助于预防下呼吸道疾病。孕期(第 32 至 36 周)可接种 RSV 疫苗,以保护新生儿。研究显示该疫苗对重症有显著的预防效果。

    要点: 如果您属于高风险人群,或者处于孕中期末或孕晚期初,接种疫苗是更安全的选择。

    疫苗安全,而且有效

    对于 COVID-19、流感、麻疹、HPV、带状疱疹和 RSV,疫苗接种可提供强有力的保护,且其风险远低于患病风险。请咨询医务人员,了解您今年需要接种哪些疫苗。

    1. Vaccines and immunization. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization. Accessed Aug. 28, 2025.
    2. Vaccine guidance from Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/in-depth/vaccine-guidance/art-20536857. Accessed Sept. 3, 2025.
    3. Vaccines and immunization: Vaccine safety. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/vaccines-and-immunization-vaccine-safety. Accessed Sept. 2, 2025.
    4. Dighriri IM, et al. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) side effects: A systematic review. Cureus. 2022; doi:10.7759/cureus.23526.
    5. Zeevaert R, et al. Efficacy and safety of the recombinant zoster vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine X. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100397.
    6. Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021; doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5.
    7. Biggs AT, et al. Vaccination and natural immunity: Advantages and risks as a matter of public health policy. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 2022; doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100242.
    8. Ishisaka Y, et al. Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine associated myocarditis compared to non-COVID-19-associated myocarditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131401.
    9. Jiesisibieke ZL, et al. Effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccinations: An umbrella meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health. 2023; doi:10.3389/ijph.2023.1605526.
    10. Gidengil C, et al. Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization in the United States: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.079.
    11. Santos SAD, et al. Comparison between the safety of the HPV vaccine versus placebo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Jornal de Pediatria. 2025; doi:10.1016/j.jped.2025.04.009.
    12. Minta AA, et al. Progress toward measles elimination — worldwide, 2000-2023. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2024; doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7345a4.
    13. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus. Accessed Sept. 2, 2025.
    14. Influenza virus (flu) resources. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/influenza-virus-flu-resources. Accessed Sept. 2, 2025.
    15. Measles resources. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/infectious-diseases/measles-resources. Accessed Sept. 2, 2025.
    16. Pooley N, et al. Durability of vaccine-induced and natural immunity against COVID-19: A narrative review. Infectious Diseases and Therapy. 2023; doi:10.1007/s40121-022-00753-2.
    17. Livieratos A, et al. Durability of adaptive immunity in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients across different respiratory viruses: RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel). 2024; doi:10.3390/vaccines12121444.
    18. Liang CY, et al. Imprinting of serum neutralizing antibodies by Wuhan-1 mRNA vaccines. Nature. 2024; doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07539-1.
    19. COVID-19 vaccines: Get the facts. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859. Accessed Sept. 3, 2025.
    20. Yasmin F, et al. Adverse events following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: A systematic review of cardiovascular complication, thrombosis, and thrombocytopenia. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease. 2023; doi:10.1002/iid3.807.
    21. Elizalde MU, et al. Myocarditis and pericarditis risk with mRNA COVID-19 vaccination compared to unvaccinated individuals: A retrospective cohort study in a Spanish Tertiary Hospital. Biomedical Pharmacotherapy. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116181.
    22. Tenforde MW, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza a-associated emergency department, urgent care, and hospitalization encounters among US adults, 2022-2023. Journal of Infectious Disease. 2024; doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad542.
    23. Jeimy S, et al. Measles vaccination. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2024; doi:10.1503/cmaj.240371.
    24. Howland J. The science behind the measles virus. Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/video-the-science-behind-the-measles-virus. Accessed Sept. 3, 2025.
    25. Measles. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/symptoms-causes/syc-20374857. Accessed Sept. 3, 2025.
    26. HPV vaccine: Who needs it, how it works. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/in-depth/hpv-vaccine/art-20047292. Accessed Sept. 2, 2025.
    27. Perkins RB, et al. Cervical cancer screening: A Review. JAMA. 2023; doi:10.1001/jama.2023.13174.
    28. Shingles vaccine: Should I get it? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shingles/expert-answers/shingles-vaccine/faq-20057859. Accessed Sept. 3, 2025.
    29. Melgar M, et al. Use of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in older adults: Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices — United States, 2023. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2023; doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7229a4.
    30. Steipan D. The reality of RSV, who should get vaccinated. Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/video-the-reality-of-rsv-who-should-get-vaccinated. Accessed Sept. 3, 2025.
    31. Rezaei-Tavabe N, et al. The effect of monovalent influenza vaccine on the risk of hospitalization and all-cause mortality according to the results of randomized clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran Journal of Public Health. 2023; doi:10.18502/ijph.v52i5.12709.
    32. Chow NKN, et al. The effect of pre-COVID and post-COVID vaccination on long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Infection. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106358.
    33. Peine C, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against post-COVID-19 condition/long COVID: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2025; doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2025.07.026.
    34. Leung J, et al. The impact of universal varicella vaccination on herpes zoster incidence in the United States: Comparison of birth cohorts preceding and following varicella vaccination program launch. Journal of Infectious Disease. 2022;doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac255.
    35. Frequently asked questions about measles. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. https://www.nfid.org/resource/frequently-asked-questions-about-measles. Accessed Oct. 3, 2025.

    ART-20590775


    一份馈赠,无穷力量——今天就来伸出援手!

    您的捐赠可以抵税。请您慷慨解囊,和我们一起进行尖端研究和医护,共同推动医学的改变。