蛛网膜下腔出血

May 21, 2026

概述

蛛网膜下腔出血是指大脑与覆盖大脑的组织之间的间隙出血。这一间隙被称为蛛网膜下腔。蛛网膜下腔出血是卒中的一种类型。这是一种需要立即治疗的紧急医疗事件。

蛛网膜下腔出血的主要症状是突发性剧烈头痛。有些患者描述说,这是他们经历过的最严重的头痛。蛛网膜下腔出血还可能引起恶心、呕吐、落枕等症状。

出血通常是由于脑血管中的异常隆起(动脉瘤)破裂所致。头部受伤也可能导致出血。有时,脑血管缠结(动静脉畸形)也会导致出血。其他健康状况,包括累及血管的状况,也会导致出血。

如果蛛网膜下腔出血未得到治疗,可能会导致永久性脑损伤或死亡,因此必须立即进行治疗。

症状

蛛网膜下腔出血最常见的症状是突发性剧烈头痛。头痛在一瞬间开始,并立即变得非常剧烈。有些患者描述说,这是他们经历过的最严重的头痛。

除了突发性头痛,症状还可能包括:

  • 恶心。
  • 呕吐。
  • 落枕或颈部疼痛。
  • 视力改变。
  • 短暂失去知觉。

何时就医

蛛网膜下腔出血是一种医疗急症。

如果您出现非常突然、非常剧烈的头痛,或者如果您有蛛网膜下腔出血的其他症状,请立即就医。如果您曾被诊断出患有脑动脉瘤或头部受过伤,这一点尤为重要。

如果您身边有人抱怨自己出现剧烈头痛或失去意识,请立即拨打 911 或您当地的急救电话。

病因

导致蛛网膜下腔出血的原因可能包括:

  • 脑动脉瘤破裂。 脑动脉瘤是脑部血管中出现的隆起。动脉瘤可能会破裂,导致大脑和覆盖大脑的组织之间的间隙(即蛛网膜下腔)出血。脑动脉瘤是蛛网膜下腔出血最常见的原因。
  • 头部受伤。 另一个常见原因是头部受伤。车祸、跌倒或暴力造成的头部受伤都可能导致蛛网膜下腔出血。
  • 脑血管缠结,即动静脉畸形。 这种不规则的血管缠结可能会破裂,导致脑出血。
  • 血管肿胀,即血管炎。 血管炎会导致血管壁变厚或变窄,可能导致血凝块或动脉瘤。

风险因素

蛛网膜下腔出血的某些风险因素是无法人为控制的。其中包括:

  • 高龄。 动脉瘤导致的蛛网膜下腔出血大多发生在 55 岁至 60 岁人群中。五六十岁的女性群体面临较高风险。
  • 一级亲属患有脑动脉瘤。 包括父母、子女或有血缘关系的兄弟姐妹
  • 存在某些健康状况。 会增加蛛网膜下腔出血风险的疾病包括埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征、马方综合征、1 型神经纤维瘤病和多囊肾病。

有两个或两个以上一级亲属患有脑动脉瘤或曾发生过蛛网膜下腔出血的人可以接受筛查。

蛛网膜下腔出血的其他风险因素是可以避免的。其中包括:

  • 患有高血压。
  • 抽烟。
  • 滥用酒精。
  • 使用可卡因或甲基苯丙胺等药物。
  1. Winn HR. Perioperative management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 6, 2022.
  2. Connolly ES, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A guideline for the healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2012; doi: 10.1161/str.0b013e3182587839
  3. Siddiq F. Nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6, 2022.
  4. Ferri FF. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 6, 2022.
  5. Singer RJ, et al. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6, 2022.
  6. Dubosh NM, et al. Diagnosis and initial emergency department management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Emergency Medical Clinics of North America. 2021; doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2020.09.005
  7. Chakraborty T, et al. CT-negative subarachnoid hemorrhage in the first six hours. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105300
  8. Singer RJ, et al. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6, 2022
  9. Torregrossa F, et al. Therapeutic approaches for cerebrovascular dysfunction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: An update and future perspectives. World Neurosurgery. 2022; doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.11.096
  10. Singer RJ, et al. Treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6, 2022.
  11. Tawk, RG, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2021; doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.01.005
  12. Daroff RB, et al. Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 6, 2022.
  13. Singer RJ, et al. Treatment of cerebral aneurysms. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 5, 2022.
  14. Youssef PP, et al. Woven endobridge(WEB) device in the treatment of ruptured aneurysms. Journal of Interventional Surgery. 2021; doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016405
  15. Gupta R, et al. Primary results of the Vesalio NeVa VS for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurysm subarachnoid hemorrhage (vital) study. Journal of Interventional Surgery.2021; doi: 10.1136/neurintsurg.2021.017859
  16. Guerra H, et al. The first CT in a subarachnoid hemorrhage: A picture tells a story. Practical Neurology. 2017; doi: 10.1136/practneurol-207-001639
  17. Kramer CL, et al. Refining the association of fever with functional outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care. 2017; doi: 10.1007/s12028-0160281-7
  18. Rinaldo L, et al. Transfer to high-volume centers associated with reduced mortality after endovascular treatment of acute stroke. Stroke. 2017; doi: 10.1161/strokeaha.116360
  19. Pegoli M, et al. Predictors of excellent functional outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2015; doi: 10.3171/2014.10jns14290
  20. Nguyen HT. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. April 22, 2022.
  21. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. July 1, 2022.