想了解 mRNA 疫苗和其他类型的 COVID-19 疫苗如何帮助您对 COVID-19 病毒产生免疫？了解不同技术如何与免疫系统协同工作以提供保护。
来自妙佑医疗国际员工2019 冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疫苗可以防止您感染 COVID-19 或因 COVID-19 导致重症或死亡。但不同类型的 COVID-19 疫苗是如何发挥作用的呢？
每种 COVID-19 疫苗都可使免疫系统产生抗体来对抗 COVID-19。COVID-19 疫苗使用了一种存在于 COVID-19 病毒表面名为 S 蛋白的无害版刺突结构。
目前在美国可接种或正在研究的 COVID-19 疫苗的主要类型包括：
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信使 RNA（mRNA）疫苗。这类疫苗给细胞发出指示，指导细胞如何制造在 COVID-19 病毒表面发现的 S 蛋白。疫苗接种后，肌细胞开始制造 S 蛋白片段，并将其显示在细胞表面。这会使您的身体产生抗体。如果您之后感染了 COVID-19 病毒，这些抗体将对抗病毒。
一旦制造出蛋白片段，细胞就将指令分解并清除。疫苗中的 mRNA 不会进入保存 DNA 的细胞核中。辉瑞－生物科技和莫德纳的 COVID-19 疫苗均使用 mRNA。
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载体疫苗。这类疫苗把 COVID-19 病毒中的物质置入另一种不同病毒的修饰版本（病毒载体）中。病毒载体为细胞提供复制 COVID-19 S 蛋白的指令。一旦细胞在表面显示 S 蛋白，免疫系统就会做出反应，产生抗体和防御性白细胞。如果您之后感染了 COVID-19 病毒，这些抗体将对抗病毒。
病毒载体疫苗不会使您感染 COVID-19 病毒或病毒载体病毒。杨森/强生 COVID-19 疫苗是一种载体疫苗。阿斯利康和牛津大学也提供载体 COVID-19 疫苗。
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蛋白亚单位疫苗。亚单位疫苗仅包括最能刺激免疫系统的病毒部分。这类 COVID-19 疫苗含有无害的 S 蛋白。一旦免疫系统识别出 S 蛋白，就会产生抗体和防御性白细胞。如果您之后感染了 COVID-19 病毒，这些抗体将对抗病毒。
诺瓦瓦克斯 COVID-19 疫苗是一种蛋白亚单位疫苗。
在美国境内可接种以下 COVID-19 疫苗：
- 2023-2024 年度辉瑞－生物科技 COVID-19 疫苗，可用于 6 月龄及以上人群。
- 2023-2024 年度莫德纳 COVID-19 疫苗，可用于 6 月龄及以上人群。
- 2023-2024 年度诺瓦瓦克斯 COVID-19 疫苗，可用于 12 岁及以上人群。
显示参考文献
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Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465