Pituitary tumors and adenomas

By Mayo Clinic Staff
Dec. 24, 2025

Research

Mayo Clinic's large database of people with all types of pituitary tumors, including pituitary adenomas, contributes to advances in diagnosis and treatment.

Publications

See a list of publications about pituitary tumors by Mayo Clinic doctors on PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine.

  1. Winn HR, ed. Pituitary tumors: Functioning and nonfunctioning. In: Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 30, 2025.
  2. About pituitary tumors. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pituitary-tumors/about.html. Accessed Aug. 30, 2025.
  3. Tritos NA, et al. Diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas: A review. JAMA. 2023; doi:10.1001/jama.2023.5444.
  4. What is cancer? American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/understanding-cancer/what-is-cancer.html. Accessed Aug. 31, 2025.
  5. Snyder PJ. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of gonadotroph and other clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 31, 2025.
  6. Elsevier Point of Care. Clinical Overview: Pituitary adenoma. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 31, 2025.
  7. AskMayoExpert. Cushing syndrome. Mayo Clinic; 2024.
  8. Melmed S, et al. Clinical biology of the pituitary adenoma. Endocrine Reviews. 2022; doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac010.
  9. Elsevier Point of Care. Clinical Overview: Focal seizures. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed September 4, 2025.
  10. Boguszewski MCS, et al. Safety of growth hormone replacement in survivors of cancer and intracranial and pituitary tumors: A consensus statement. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2022; doi:10.1530/EJE-21-1186.
  11. Iglesias P. Pituitary apoplexy: An updated review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; doi:10.3390/jcm13092508.
  12. Fleseriu M, et al. Hypopituitarism. The Lancet. 2024; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00342-8.
  13. Ho KKY, et al. A proposed clinical classification for pituitary neoplasms to guide therapy and prognosis. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2024; doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00382-0.
  14. Snyder PJ. Treatment of gonadotroph and other clinically nonfunctioning adenomas. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Sept. 8, 2025.
  15. Pituitary tumors treatment — For health professionals. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/pituitary/hp/pituitary-treatment-pdq#section/all. Accessed Sept. 8, 2025.
  16. Shah H, et al. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for the resection of pituitary adenomas: A prime candidate for a shortened length of stay enhanced recovery after surgery protocol? A systematic review. World Neurosurgery. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.03.135.
  17. Shih HA. Radiation therapy of pituitary adenomas. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Sept. 11, 2025.
  18. Kadioglu P, et al. Impulse control disorders in pituitary adenoma: What do we know and what we still don´t know in almost two decades? Pituitary. 2025; doi:10.1007/s11102-025-01533-0.
  19. Mondin A, et al. Pasireotide-induced shrinkage in GH and ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022; doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.935759.
  20. Pasireotide. Merative Micromedex. https://www.micromedexsolutions.com. Accessed Sept. 11, 2025.
  21. Ocreotide acetate. Merative Micromedex. https://www.micromedexsolutions.com. Accessed Sept. 14, 2025.
  22. Zhang L, et al. Social support and psychological distress of patients with pituitary adenomas: chain-mediated effects of self-efficacy and rumination. Frontiers in Psychology. 2025; doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1564736.
  23. Castle-Kirszbaum M, et al. MRI for Cushing disease: A systematic review. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2023; doi:10.3174/ajnr.A7789.
  24. Hong CS, et al. Aerobic exercise interventions to address impaired quality of life in patients with pituitary tumors. PLOS One. 2023; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295907.
  25. Guarnotta V, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in Cushing's disease: Before and after its supplementation. Nutrients. 2022; doi:10.3390/nu14050973.
  26. Louis DN, et al. 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary. Neuro-Oncology. 2021; doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab106.
  27. Dostinex cabergoline tablets (prescribing information). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pfizer; 2011. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov. Accessed Oct. 30, 2025.
  28. Apps JR, et al. Contemporary biological insights and clinical management of craniopharyngioma. Endocrine Reviews. 2023; doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac035.
  29. Tsukamoto T, et al. Imaging of pituitary tumors: An update with the 5th WHO Classifications — Part 2. Neoplasms other than PitNET and tumor-mimicking lesions. Japanese Journal of Radiology. 2023; doi:10.1007/s11604-023-01407-0.
  30. Chen C, et al. Incidence, demographics, and survival of patients with primary pituitary tumors: A SEER database study in 2004-2016. Scientific Reports. 2021; doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94658-8.
  31. Fleseriu M, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016; doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2118.
  32. Tritos NA, et al. Diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas: A review. JAMA. 2023; doi:10.1001/jama.2023.5444.
  33. Guo S, et al. A meta-analysis of endoscopic vs. microscopic transsphenoidal surgery for non-functioning and functioning pituitary adenomas: Comparisons of efficacy and safety. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021; doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.614382.
  34. Feingold KR, et al., eds. Cushing's syndrome. In: Endotext: Comprehensive Free Online Endocrinology Book. MDText.com; 2025. https://www.endotext.org. Accessed Oct. 10, 2025.
  35. FDA approves new treatment for acromegaly, a rare endocrine disorder. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-new-treatment-acromegaly-rare-endocrine-disorder. Accessed Sept. 30, 2025.
  36. Yearley AG, et al. Metastatic pituitary tumors: An institutional case series. Pituitary. 2023; doi:10.1007/s11102-023-01341-4.
  37. Raverot G, et al. Revised European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2025; doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvaf100.
  38. Brooks EK, et al. Disorders of salt and water balance after pituitary surgery. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2023; doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac622.