Hepatitis B

Jan. 15, 2026
  1. Hepatitis B. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b. Accessed May 30, 2024.
  2. Feldman M, et al., eds. Hepatitis B. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 11th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 30, 2024.
  3. Kellerman RD, et al. Hepatitis A, B, D, and E. In: Conn's Current Therapy 2024. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 30, 2024.
  4. Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus: Clinical manifestations and natural history. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 30, 2024.
  5. Eng-Kiong T, et al. Epidemiology, transmission, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 30, 2024.
  6. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. June 12, 2024.
  7. Weng MK, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in adults aged 19-59 years: Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2022; doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7113a1.
  8. AskMayoExpert. Hepatitis B. Mayo Clinic; 2024.
  9. ACIP recommends individual-based decision-making for hepatitis B vaccine for infants born to women who test negative for the virus. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/acip-recommends-individual-based-decision-making-hepatitis-b-vaccine-birth-dose-infants-born-women-test-negative-virus.html. Accessed Dec. 5, 2025.