Descripción general

El término "trastornos del movimiento" se refiere a un grupo de afecciones del sistema nervioso (afecciones neurológicas) que provocan una mayor cantidad de movimientos o movimientos lentos o reducidos. Estos movimientos pueden ser voluntarios o involuntarios.

Estos son tipos frecuentes de trastornos del movimiento:

  • Ataxia. Este trastorno del movimiento afecta la parte del cerebro que controla los movimientos coordinados. La ataxia puede provocar movimientos descoordinados o torpes que afectan el equilibrio, el habla o las extremidades, y otros síntomas. La ataxia tiene diversas causas; entre ellas, se encuentran los trastornos degenerativos y genéticos. La ataxia también puede producirse a causa de una infección u otra afección que se puede tratar.
  • Distonía cervical. En la distonía cervical, los músculos del cuello se contraen de forma involuntaria y provocan que la cabeza se tuerza hacia uno de los lados o se incline hacia adelante o hacia atrás. Es posible que se produzcan temblores.
  • Corea. La corea se caracteriza por provocar movimientos involuntarios repetitivos, breves, irregulares y algo acelerados. Por lo general, estos movimientos comprenden el rostro, la boca, el tronco y las extremidades. La corea puede parecerse a los movimientos nerviosos exagerados.
  • Distonía. Esta afección provoca contracciones musculares involuntarias y sostenidas con movimientos de torsión repetitivos. La distonía puede afectar a todo el cuerpo o a una sola parte del cuerpo.
  • Trastorno funcional del movimiento. Si bien esta afección puede parecerse a cualquier trastorno del movimiento, el trastorno funcional del movimiento no se origina debido a una enfermedad neurológica y se puede tratar.
  • Enfermedad de Huntington. Se trata de una enfermedad hereditaria y progresiva que puede confirmarse tras una prueba genética. La enfermedad de Huntington tiene tres características: movimientos descontrolados, problemas cognitivos y enfermedades psiquiátricas.
  • Atrofia multisistémica. Este trastorno neurológico poco frecuente afecta diversos sistemas del cerebro y empeora progresivamente. La atrofia multisistémica causa un trastorno del movimiento, como la ataxia o el parkinsonismo. También puede causar presión arterial baja, pérdida del control de la vejiga y actuación física de los sueños.
  • Mioclono. Esta afección provoca espasmos musculares sumamente rápidos.
  • Enfermedad de Parkinson. Esta enfermedad de progresión lenta provoca temblores, rigidez muscular, movimientos lentos o reducidos o pérdida del equilibrio. También puede provocar otros síntomas que no están relacionados con el movimiento, como reducción del sentido del olfato, estreñimiento, actuación física de los sueños y deterioro de la cognición.
  • Parkinsonismo. Parkinsonismo es el término general para la lentitud de los movimientos en combinación con rigidez, temblores y pérdida del equilibrio. Existen muchas causas diferentes. La enfermedad de Parkinson y determinados medicamentos inhibidores de dopamina son las causas más comunes. Otras de las causas son los trastornos neurodegenerativos, como la atrofia multisistémica y la parálisis supranuclear progresiva. Un accidente cerebrovascular o traumatismos craneales reiterados también pueden provocar parkinsonismo.
  • Parálisis supranuclear progresiva. Se trata de un trastorno neurológico poco frecuente que causa problemas para caminar, mantener el equilibrio y mover los ojos. A veces puede parecerse a la enfermedad de Parkinson, pero es una afección distinta.
  • Síndrome de las piernas inquietas. Este trastorno del movimiento causa sensaciones desagradables en las piernas cuando estás relajado o recostado, que suelen aliviarse con el movimiento.
  • Discinesia tardía. Se trata de una afección neurológica provocada por el uso prolongado de determinados medicamentos que sirven para tratar trastornos psiquiátricos, denominados medicamentos neurolépticos. La discinesia tardía provoca movimientos repetitivos e involuntarios, como gesticular, pestañear y demás.
  • Síndrome de Tourette. Se trata de una afección neurológica que se manifiesta entre la niñez y la adolescencia, y se asocia a movimientos y sonidos vocales repetitivos.
  • Temblores. Este trastorno del movimiento provoca la agitación rítmica de las partes del cuerpo, como las manos, la cabeza u otras partes corporales. El tipo más frecuente es el temblor hereditario.
  • Enfermedad de Wilson. Se trata de un trastorno hereditario poco frecuente que provoca la acumulación de una cantidad excesiva de cobre en el cuerpo, lo que genera problemas neurológicos, distonía, temblores, parkinsonismo y ataxia.

Síntomas

Symptoms of movement disorders vary depending on the type of the disorder. Common types of movement disorders and their symptoms include:

  • Ataxia. Ataxia affects the part of the brain that controls coordinated movement. Ataxia may cause clumsy movements of the arms and legs, and a loss of balance. Ataxia also can change a person's speech and cause other symptoms. There are many causes of ataxia, including genetic and degenerative conditions. Ataxia also may be caused by an infection or another treatable condition.
  • Chorea. Chorea causes brief, irregular, somewhat rapid, involuntary movements that happen over and over. The movements typically involve the face, mouth, trunk, arm and leg. Chorea can look like exaggerated fidgeting.

    The most common genetic chorea is Huntington's disease. This disease is passed down from a parent and gets worse over time. It can be confirmed with genetic testing. Huntington's disease has three types of symptoms. They include movements that can't be controlled, trouble with thinking and mental health conditions.

  • Dystonia. This condition involves involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting, irregular postures, or movements that occur again and again. Dystonia may affect the entire body or one part of the body.

    The most common type of dystonia in adults is cervical dystonia. In cervical dystonia, the neck muscles contract involuntarily. This causes the head to pull to one side or to tilt forward or backward. The head also may shake, known as a tremor.

  • Functional movement disorder. This condition may look like any of the movement disorders. But it's not caused by a disease of the nervous system, also known as a neurological disease. Functional movement disorders are treatable.
  • Multiple system atrophy. This rare condition affects many brain systems and gets worse over time. Multiple system atrophy causes a movement disorder, such as ataxia or parkinsonism. It also can cause low blood pressure, bladder symptoms and acting out dreams.
  • Myoclonus. Myoclonus are very quick jerks of a muscle.
  • Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease causes tremors, muscle stiffness, slow or decreased movement, or loss of balance. It also can cause symptoms not related to movement. These symptoms include a reduced sense of smell, constipation, acting out dreams and a decline in thinking skills. Parkinson's disease slowly gets worse over time.
  • Parkinsonism. Parkinsonism is a general term for slowness of movement along with stiffness, tremors or loss of balance. There are many different causes. Parkinson's disease and certain dopamine blocking medicines are the most common causes. Other causes include degenerative disorders such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Stroke or repeated head trauma also can cause parkinsonism.
  • Progressive supranuclear palsy. This is a rare nervous system condition that causes problems with walking, balance and eye movements. It may resemble Parkinson's disease but is a distinct condition.
  • Restless legs syndrome. This movement disorder causes aching, itching, or creeping feelings in the legs while relaxing or lying down. The feeling often goes away with movement.
  • Tardive dyskinesia. This neurological condition is caused by long-term use of certain medicines used to treat mental health conditions, called neuroleptic medicines. It also can be caused by a common gastrointestinal medicine called metoclopramide (Reglan, Gimoti). Tardive dyskinesia causes involuntary movements that occur over and over. Symptoms include grimacing, eye blinking and other movements.
  • Tourette syndrome. This is a neurological condition associated with repetitive movements and vocal sounds called tics. Tics are voluntary movements, but they're caused by an involuntary urge to make the movements. Tourette syndrome starts between childhood and teenage years.
  • Tremor. This movement disorder causes rhythmic shaking of parts of the body, such as the hands, head or other body parts. The most common type is essential tremor.

Causas

A wide variety of factors can cause movement disorders, including:

  • Genetics. Some types of movement disorders can be caused by an altered gene. The altered gene is passed down from a parent to a child. This is called an inherited condition. Huntington's disease and Wilson's disease are two movement disorders that can be inherited.
  • Medicines. Medicines such as anti-seizure and anti-psychotic medicines can lead to movement disorders.
  • Illegal drugs or large amounts of alcohol. Illegal drugs such as cocaine can cause movement disorders such as chorea. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can cause chorea or ataxia.
  • Not getting enough of certain vitamins. Having low levels of certain vitamins in the body, known as a vitamin deficiency, can cause movement disorders. A deficiency in vitamin B-1, vitamin B-12 or vitamin E can lead to ataxia.
  • Medical conditions. Thyroid conditions, multiple sclerosis, stroke, viral encephalitis and several others can cause movement disorders. Brain tumors also can lead to movement disorders.
  • Head injury. Head trauma from an injury can lead to movement disorders.

For most people with a movement disorders, there is no known cause. When healthcare professionals haven't found the exact cause, it's called idiopathic.

Factores de riesgo

Your risk of some movement disorders is higher if you have a parent with the condition. Movement disorders that can be passed down through families include essential tremor, Huntington's disease, Wilson's disease and Tourette syndrome.

Other factors that may increase the risk of having a movement disorder include having certain medical conditions or taking certain medicines. Drinking large amount of alcohol, doing illegal drugs such as cocaine or not having enough of certain vitamins in the body also can increase risk.

Estudios clínicos

Explora los estudios de Mayo Clinic que ensayan nuevos tratamientos, intervenciones y pruebas para prevenir, detectar, tratar o controlar esta afección.

Trastornos del movimiento - atención en Mayo Clinic

May 24, 2022
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