热衰竭是与热相关的综合征之一。这些综合征的严重性各不相同，从轻微到可能危及生命不等。其他类型的热相关疾病包括热疹、热性痉挛、热性晕厥和热射病。
如果体内的水分或盐分过度流失（通常由于大量出汗或脱水），可能会发生热衰竭。 热衰竭可能是突发性的或慢性的，通常是在高温下作业、运动或玩耍后发生。
热衰竭的症状包括：
- 在高温下，皮肤发凉、湿润并伴有鸡皮疙瘩。
- 大量出汗。
- 昏厥。
- 头晕。
- 疲劳。
- 脉搏微弱且快速。
- 站起后出现低血压。
- 肌肉痛性痉挛。
- 恶心或呕吐。
- 头痛。
- 极度口渴。
- 轻度意识模糊。
- 尿量减少。
如果您怀疑出现热衰竭
如不及时治疗，热衰竭可能会导致热射病，从而危及生命。如果您怀疑出现热衰竭，请立即采取以下措施：
- 将患者从高温处移至阴凉或装有空调的地方。
- 让患者躺下，并稍微抬高腿部和双脚。
- 脱下紧身或沉重的衣物。
- 让患者喝冰水、含有电解质的运动饮料或不含咖啡因的其他非酒精饮料。
- 用凉水喷洒或用海绵蘸凉水擦拭并扇风来给患者降温。
- 仔细观察患者。
如果症状恶化，或者患者在采取急救措施后没有好转，请联系医疗保健专业人员。
如果患者的病情恶化，尤其是如果患者出现以下情况，请拨打 911 或当地的急救电话：
- 昏厥。
- 变得焦躁不安。
- 意识模糊。
- 发生癫痫发作。
- 无法喝水。
- 用直肠温度计测量的核心体温为 40 摄氏度（104 华氏度），表明患有热射病。
Call 911 or your local emergency number if the affected person:
- Faints.
- Becomes agitated.
- Is confused.
- Has a seizure.
- Is not able to drink.
- Has a core body temperature – measured with a rectal thermometer – of 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius), which indicates heatstroke.
Heat exhaustion symptoms include:
- Cool, moist skin with goose bumps when in the heat.
- Heavy sweating.
- Faintness.
- Dizziness.
- Fatigue.
- Weak, rapid pulse.
- Low blood pressure after standing up.
- Muscle cramps.
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Headache.
- Extreme thirst.
- Mild confusion.
- Decreased urine output.
Untreated, heat exhaustion can lead to heatstroke, which is a life-threatening condition. If you suspect heat exhaustion, take these steps immediately:
- Move the person out of the heat and into a shady or air-conditioned place.
- Lay the person down and raise the legs and feet slightly.
- Remove tight or heavy clothing.
- Have the person sip chilled water, a sports drink containing electrolytes or another nonalcoholic beverage without caffeine.
- Cool the person by spraying or sponging with cool water and fanning.
- Monitor the person carefully.
Contact a healthcare professional if symptoms get worse or if the person doesn't improve after taking first-aid measures.
显示参考文献
- Ishimine P. Heat illness (other than heat stroke) in children. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 31, 2024.
- Heat stress. National Institute for Safety and Occupational Health. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/. Accessed Jan. 31, 2024.
- Heat-related illnesses. American College of Emergency Physicians. https://www.emergencyphysicians.org/article/know-when-to-go/heat-related-illnesses. Accessed Jan. 31, 2024.
- Heat injury and heat exhaustion. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/heat-injury-and-heat-exhaustion. Accessed Jan. 31, 2024.
- O'Connor FG, et al. Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Management and prevention. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 31, 2024.
- Hoecker JM (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. March 2, 2022.
Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/first-aid/first-aid-heat-exhaustion/basics/art-20056651