如果您认为自己可能心脏病发作，请致电 911 或寻求紧急医疗帮助。心脏病发作的症状可能包括：

• 感觉像是压迫、紧缩、疼痛、挤压或酸痛的胸部疼痛。
• 蔓延至肩部、手臂、背部、颈部、颚部、牙齿或者有时蔓延至上腹部的疼痛或不适。
• 出冷汗。
• 疲劳。
• 胃灼热或消化不良。
• 头重脚轻或突然感到头晕。
• 恶心。
• 气短。

心脏病发作通常会导致胸部疼痛 15 分钟以上。胸部疼痛程度可能是轻微疼痛，也可能是剧烈疼痛。有些人没有任何胸部疼痛或压迫感。女性往往会出现较模糊的症状，如恶心或短暂或剧烈的颈部、手臂或背部疼痛。

有些心脏病发作很突然。但也有很多人在几小时或几天之前出现警示体征。

• 拨打 911 或当地急救电话。不要忽视心脏病发作的症状。如果您联系不到救护车或急救车，请找人开车送您到最近的医院。切勿自己开车前往，除非别无选择。
• 如果医生建议，请服用阿司匹林。阿司匹林有助于防止形成血凝块。心脏病发作时服用阿司匹林可能减轻心脏损伤。除非医疗护理专业人员建议，否则请勿自行服用阿司匹林。切勿因服用阿司匹林而耽误拨打 911。先打电话寻求紧急救助。
• 服用硝酸甘油（如果医生开了这种药）。如果您认为自己心脏病发作了，并且已开了这种药物，请在等待紧急医疗帮助时按医嘱服用。
• 如果患者没有脉搏或没有呼吸，请为其心肺复苏（CPR）。如果您未接受过 CPR 培训，请做徒手 CPR，这是指在患者胸部用力快速按压。每分钟按压约 100 到 120 次。如果您接受过 CPR 培训且相信自己的能力，请先做 30 次胸部按压，然后做两次人工呼吸。
• 如果可立即获得自动体外除颤器（AED），且患者已失去意识，则可以使用 AED。该装置通过电击使心脏恢复心律。AED 带有逐步的语音使用说明。AED 经过编程，只允许在适当时进行电击。

Heart attack: First aid

Symptoms of a heart attack may include:

• Chest pain that may feel like pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing or aching.
• Pain or discomfort that spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth or sometimes the upper belly.
• Cold sweats.
• Fatigue.
• Heartburn or indigestion.
• Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness.
• Nausea.
• Shortness of breath.

A heart attack usually causes chest pain that lasts more than 15 minutes. The chest pain may be mild or severe. Some people don't have any chest pain or pressure. Symptoms may be less obvious in some people, especially for women. For example, heart attack symptoms may include nausea or a brief or sharp pain felt in the neck, arm or back.

Some heart attacks happen suddenly. But many people have warning signs hours or days in advance.

Heart attack: First aid

• Call 911 or your local emergency number. Don't ignore the symptoms of a heart attack. If you can't get an ambulance or emergency vehicle to come to you, have someone drive you to the nearest hospital. Drive yourself only if you have no other option.
• Take aspirin, if recommended. Aspirin helps prevent blood clotting. Taking aspirin during a heart attack may reduce heart damage. Don't take an aspirin unless a healthcare professional says to do so. Don't delay calling 911 to take an aspirin. Call for emergency help first.
• Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed. If you think you're having a heart attack and you have a prescription for this medicine, take it as directed while waiting for emergency medical help.
• Start CPR if the person doesn't have a pulse or isn't breathing. If you're untrained in CPR, do hands-only CPR. That means push hard and fast on the person's chest. Do this about 100 to 120 times a minute. If you're trained in CPR and confident in your ability, start with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths.
• Use an automated external defibrillator (AED) if one is available and the person is unconscious. The device delivers shocks to reset the heart rhythm. AEDs come with step-by-step voice instructions for their use. They're programmed to allow a shock only when appropriate.

Heart attack: First aid

Lifestyle changes can keep the heart healthy and may help prevent a heart attack.

• Don't smoke or use tobacco.
• Get regular exercise.
• Keep a healthy weight.
• Eat nutritious foods and use less salt and saturated fats.
• Limit alcohol.
• Manage stress.
• Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.
• Get 7 to 8 hours of sleep daily.

Also it's a good idea to learn CPR and how to use an AED so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Ask your healthcare team if any accredited first-aid training courses are available in your area.

May 09, 2024

Original article: https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/first-aid/first-aid-heart-attack/basics/art-20056679