概述

尿失禁是尿液意外排出。当身体运动或活动(如咳嗽、大笑、打喷嚏、跑步或举重)对膀胱施加压力时会出现压力性尿失禁,导致漏尿。压力性尿失禁与心理压力无关。

压力性尿失禁不同于急迫性尿失禁和膀胱过度活动症 (OAB)。如果您患有急迫性尿失禁或膀胱过度活动症 (OAB),膀胱肌肉将收缩,导致您如厕前突然有排尿的冲动。与男性相比,压力性尿失禁在女性中更为常见。

如果您患有压力性尿失禁,您可能会感到尴尬,会孤立自己或限制自己的工作和社交生活。您还可能会逃避体育锻炼和休闲活动。通过治疗,您可能会控制压力性尿失禁并改善整体健康状况。

症状

如果您患有压力性尿失禁,则可能在以下情况下漏尿:

  • 咳嗽或打喷嚏
  • 大笑
  • 弯腰
  • 抬重物
  • 锻炼
  • 性行为

您可能不会在每次做这些事情时都漏尿,但给膀胱带来压力的任何活动都更易引起非自主性尿失禁,尤其是在膀胱充盈的情况下。

何时就诊

如果您觉得难受,或者症状干扰您的工作、爱好和社交生活等日常活动,请就医。

病因

当支撑尿道的肌肉和其他组织(盆底肌)以及控制尿流的肌肉(尿道括约肌)收缩无力时,就会发生压力性尿失禁。

膀胱会随尿液充盈而膨胀。通常情况下,膀胱膨胀过程中,尿道中的瓣膜状肌肉(负责将尿液排出体外的短管)会保持闭合,防止尿液在如厕前渗漏。但是,如果这些肌肉收缩无力,对腹部和骨盆肌肉施加一点点压力(例如打喷嚏、弯腰、举重或大笑)都可能对膀胱造成压力,导致尿液漏出。

您的盆底肌和尿道括约肌可能因以下原因而收缩无力:

  • 分娩。女性在分娩过程中可能受到组织或神经损伤,从而削弱盆底肌或括约肌。这种损伤造成的压力性尿失禁可能在分娩后不久发生,也可能在数年后才发生。
  • 前列腺手术。对于男性,手术切除前列腺以治疗前列腺癌(前列腺切除术)是导致压力性尿失禁的最常见因素。此类手术可能削弱前列腺正下方并环绕尿道的括约肌。

Female stress incontinence

In people assigned female at birth, the pelvic floor muscles and urinary sphincter may lose strength because of:

  • Childbirth. Tissue or nerve damage during delivery of a child can weaken the pelvic floor muscles or the sphincter. Stress incontinence from this damage may begin soon after delivery or happen years later.

Male stress incontinence

In people assigned male at birth, the pelvic floor muscles and urinary sphincter may lose strength because of:

  • Prostate surgery. Treatment for prostate cancer often involves surgery to remove the prostate gland, called a prostatectomy. This surgery is the most common factor leading to stress incontinence. This procedure can weaken the sphincter, which lies right below the prostate gland and goes around the urethra.

诱发因素

可能加重压力性尿失禁的其他因素包括:

  • 引起慢性咳嗽的疾病
  • 肥胖症
  • 抽烟,可能引起频繁咳嗽
  • 多年的高冲击性活动(例如跑步和跳高)

风险因素

会增加导致压力性尿失禁的风险因素包括:

  • 年龄。随年龄增长出现的身体变化,例如肌肉无力,可能使您更有可能患压力性尿失禁。但是任何年龄段都可能偶尔出现压力性尿失禁。
  • 分娩类型。经阴道分娩的女性比剖腹产分娩的女性更有可能发生尿失禁。为了更快分娩出健康婴儿而采取产钳分娩的女性患压力性尿失禁的风险可能会增加。真空辅助分娩似乎不会增加女性患压力性尿失禁的风险。
  • 体重。超重或肥胖的人患压力性尿失禁的风险也更高。过重会增加腹部和骨盆器官压力。
  • 既往盆腔手术。女性的子宫切除和男性的前列腺癌手术会减弱支撑膀胱和尿道的肌肉,增加压力性尿失禁风险。

并发症

压力性尿失禁的并发症可能包括:

  • 负性情绪。如果您在日常活动中出现压力性尿失禁,您可能会感到尴尬和痛苦。它会破坏您的工作、社交、人际关系,甚至您的性生活。有些人因为需要使用尿垫或穿失禁衣服而感到尴尬。
  • 混合型尿失禁。混合型尿失禁较常见,是指您同时患有压力性尿失禁和急迫性尿失禁,是一种由于导致迫切需要排尿的膀胱肌肉收缩(膀胱过度活动症)造成的意外尿失禁。
  • 皮疹或皮肤刺激。经常与尿液接触的皮肤可能受到刺激或出现疼痛,并可能溃烂。在严重尿失禁情况下,如果您不采取预防措施,比如使用防潮层或尿失禁垫,就会发生这种情况。

在 Mayo Clinic 治疗

March 22, 2022
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