概述
肌阵挛是指无法控制的快速抽搐动作。打嗝是肌阵挛的一种形式，就像是您可能会在入睡之前感到的突然抽搐或“睡眠惊跳”一样。这些形式的肌阵挛会发生在健康人群中，一般不严重。
其他形式的肌阵挛可能由癫痫等神经系统疾病、代谢疾病或药物反应引起。
治疗引起肌阵挛的状况有助于控制症状。有时引起肌阵挛的原因不明或无法针对性治疗。在这些情况下，治疗的目标是减少肌阵挛对生活质量的影响。
Types
Myoclonus can appear in different patterns, and specialists group these patterns into types to help describe what the jerking movements look like and what may be causing them. An updated classification system gives a clearer way to organize these types and guide care.
Newer ways of classifying myoclonus
Experts recently updated how myoclonus is grouped and described. This helps care teams talk about the condition in a clearer, more consistent way and gives a better framework for choosing tests and treatments.
Why an update was needed
Older labels such as essential, epileptic or symptomatic myoclonus are still helpful, but they don't fully capture the many different ways myoclonus can appear or what causes it. As testing methods have improved, specialists needed a system that reflects what is now known.
What's new
The updated approach looks at myoclonus from two angles:
What the jerking movements look like. This includes:
- Where they happen on the body.
- What brings them on, such as movement, sound, touch or rest.
- How strong or frequent they are.
- What simple nerve and muscle tests show.
This helps the care team understand how the jerks are being generated in the nervous system.
What is causing the jerking movements. This includes:
- Genetic conditions.
- Metabolic or chemical imbalances.
- Infections or inflammation.
- Structural changes in the brain or spinal cord.
Looking at both the features and the possible causes gives a clearer overall picture.
How this helps in care
This system is already being used by neurologists and movement disorder specialists. It supports more-accurate diagnosis and helps guide next steps, such as which tests may be most helpful and which treatments may be appropriate.
You may not hear the technical terms during a visit with your healthcare professional, but the updated system helps the care team describe myoclonus in a more organized and consistent way behind the scenes.
症状
肌阵挛患者通常将其症状描述为具有以下特征的抽搐、震颤或痉挛：
- 突发
- 短暂
- 非自主
- 类似休克
- 不同的强度和频率
- 发生于全身或身体的某一个部位
- 有时，严重到影响进食、说话或行走
何时就诊
如果您的肌阵挛症状频繁、持续出现，请咨询医务人员进行适当的诊断和治疗。
病因
肌阵挛可由多种基础疾病引发。通常根据引起原因分成不同的类型。找到病因有助于确定治疗方法。
生理性肌阵挛
这种类型的肌阵挛发生在健康人群中，很少需要治疗。示例包括：
- 打嗝。
- 睡眠惊跳。
- 因焦虑或运动引起的颤抖或痉挛。
- 婴儿在睡觉时或喂奶后出现肌肉抽搐。
原发性肌阵挛
原发性肌阵挛通常单独发生，没有其他伴随症状，也与任何基础病无关。原发性肌阵挛的病因往往无法确定。在某些病例中，病因是遗传性的，即在家族中遗传。
癫痫性肌阵挛
这种类型的肌阵挛是癫痫症的一种。
症状性肌阵挛
症状性肌阵挛由基础病引起，有时也被称为继发性肌阵挛。例如：
- 头部或脊髓损伤。
- 感染。
- 肾衰竭或肝衰竭。
- 脂质贮积病。
- 化学品或药物中毒。
- 长时间缺氧。
- 药物反应。
- 自身免疫性炎症。
- 代谢障碍。
- 2019 冠状病毒病（COVID-19）。
导致继发性肌阵挛的神经系统疾病包括：
- 卒中。
- 脑肿瘤。
- 亨廷顿病。
- 克雅氏症。
- 阿尔茨海默病。
- 帕金森病和路易体痴呆症。
- 皮质基底节变性。
- 额颞叶痴呆症。
- 多系统萎缩。
风险因素
Risk of myoclonus is higher in people who have nervous system conditions. This includes epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and others. It also can occur in people with other conditions, such as an infection, a brain tumor or a spinal cord injury. Essential myoclonus can run in families, so your risk is higher if a family member has it.