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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><merged xmlns:dita-ot="http://dita-ot.sourceforge.net/ns/201007/dita-ot" id="GUID-12031faa-3473-4ba3-8597-43761b203138-en" xml:lang="zh" xtrf="file:/mnt/crx/author/crx-quickstart/profiles/ditamaps/ditamap4330159425878524138/hecs-ccms/zh_cn/HIL/conditions/g-i/hypospadias/hypospadias.ditamap"> <displayTitle>尿道下裂</displayTitle> <featureTitle/> <listTitle/> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/Overview" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:9SwzRWGjFuW1bri97heEw6:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>overview hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-overview">概述</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <p product="mayoclinic.org"> <xref href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-this-site/meet-our-medical-editors" keyref="attrib-mayo-clinic-staff-link" scope="external">来自妙佑医疗国际员工</xref> </p> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>尿道下裂是未出生的婴儿（称为胎儿）在子宫内发育时出现的一种状况。尿道口位于阴茎的下侧而不是顶端。尿道是将尿液从膀胱排出体外的管道。</p> <p>尿道下裂是一种常见病，不会给婴儿护理带来困难。手术通常可以创建外观典型且功能正常的阴茎。成功治疗尿道下裂后，大多数男性可以正常排尿。尿道下裂治疗成功后，不会妨碍精子使卵子受精。</p> <fig> <title>尿道下裂</title> <desc> <p>尿道下裂是指尿道开口位于阴茎下侧而不是顶端。开口的位置可能因人而异，可能位于阴茎顶端下方（较常见）到阴茎根部（较少见）的任何位置。</p> </desc> <image href="https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/hecs-ccms/global/images/hil-ccgs/DS00884-IM01071-mcdc7-hypospadiasthu-en.jpg" placement="inline"> <alt>尿道下裂</alt> </image> </fig> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/Symptoms" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:9AtuRbzC7eg5UqCDTYHFiH:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>symptoms hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-symptoms">症状</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>尿道下裂患者的尿道口位于阴茎的下侧而不是顶端。在大多数情况下，尿道开口位于阴茎头内。较少情况下，开口位于阴茎中部或根部。极少数情况下，开口位于阴囊内或阴囊下。</p> <p>尿道下裂的症状可能包括：</p> <ul> <li>尿道开口位于阴茎顶端之外的位置。</li> <li>阴茎向下弯曲。这种状况被称为阴茎下弯。</li> <li>阴茎外观似兜帽，因为只有阴茎的上半部分被包皮覆盖。</li> <li>排尿时喷射情况存在差异。</li> </ul> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/WhenToSeekCare" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:XRrPwCQvu6bCaSHCQupNhg:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>when to see a doctor hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-when-to-see-doctor">何时就医</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <p>大多数尿道下裂的婴儿在出生后不久仍在医院时就被诊断出来。但是，如果尿道开口仅有轻微变化，则可能难以识别尿道下裂。如果您对孩子的阴茎外观有疑虑或如果孩子存在排尿问题，请咨询医生或其他医疗护理专业人员。</p> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/Causes" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:56Hdtg5mrUPoyGdSPiPDMm:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>causes hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-causes">病因</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>尿道下裂是出生时就存在的状况。在男性胎儿的阴茎发育过程中，某些激素会刺激尿道和包皮的形成。尿道下裂是由这些激素作用的变化引起的。这使得尿道褶的两侧无法完全合拢。尿道开口的位置取决于合拢停止的时间。</p> <p>在大多数情况下，尚不清楚尿道下裂的确切原因。有时，尿道下裂是由基因改变引起的，但环境也可能发挥作用。</p> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/RiskFactors" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:QBxPgpU7gqC1nF4TuNMuhR:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>risk factors hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-risk-factors">风险因素</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>尽管通常尚不清楚尿道下裂的原因，但以下因素可能与该状况相关：</p> <ul> <li> <b>家族史。</b> 这种状况在有尿道下裂家族史的婴儿中更常见。</li> <li> <b>遗传因素。</b> 某些基因改变可能对刺激男性生殖器发育的激素有一定影响。</li> <li> <b>孕妇年龄超过 35 岁。</b> 一些研究表明，35 岁以上的女性所生的男婴患尿道下裂的风险可能更高。</li> <li> <b>怀孕期间接触某些物质。</b> 目前正在研究尿道下裂与母亲接触某些激素或某些化合物（如杀虫剂或工业化学品）之间的关联。但需要更多的研究来证实这种联系。</li> </ul> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/Complications" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:BEygnvwQnR7LHPqb1ZeYBo:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>complications hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-complications">并发症</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>如果尿道下裂得不到治疗，可能导致：</p> <ul> <li>阴茎外观出现变化。</li> <li>学习如厕出现问题。</li> <li>勃起时阴茎异常弯曲。</li> <li>阴茎释放精子出现问题。这种释放称为射精。</li> </ul> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/Diagnosis" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:6UoQUJ2Z5pSU5RTh4Uxmfc:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>diagnosis hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-diagnosis">诊断</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>孩子的儿科医生可以根据体格检查结果来诊断尿道下裂。他们可能将您转诊给专门治疗生殖器和泌尿系统状况的外科医生（称为小儿泌尿科医生）以进行更多评估。设有专科团队的医疗中心可以帮助您寻找治疗方案并提供专家治疗。</p> <p>如果尿道口不在阴茎顶端并且检查时摸不到睾丸，可能很难判断生殖器是男性还是女性。这被称为非典型生殖器。发生这种情况时，建议由多专科团队进行更多评估。</p> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/Treatment" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:USu3YYjWnWpbxpupNKxcGP:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>treatment hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-treatment">治疗</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>有些类型的尿道下裂非常轻微，不需要手术。但治疗通常需要进行将尿道开口置于阴茎顶端的手术。如果需要，还要进行手术以矫直阴茎轴。手术通常在 6 至 12 月龄的时候做。</p> <p>如果阴茎看起来与正常情况不同，则可能不会进行包皮环切。相反，可能会将包皮组织留在原处，以便在手术期间使用，从而创建外观和功能正常的阴茎。如果在包皮环切期间发现尿道下裂，则通常需要完成医疗程序。无论哪种情况，都建议转诊给小儿泌尿科医生。</p> </section> <section> <title>手术</title> <p>大多数形式的尿道下裂，治疗仅需要一次门诊手术，而某些形式的尿道下裂则需要多次手术。</p> <p>如果尿道开口位于阴茎根部附近，外科医生可能需要使用包皮或口腔内部的组织移植物将尿道重建到适当位置。</p> </section> <section> <title>手术结果</title> <p>对于大多数男性，手术会很成功。大多数情况下，阴茎在术后看起来很正常。大多数男性可以正常排尿。尿道下裂治疗成功后，不会妨碍精子使卵子受精。</p> <p>阴茎下侧偶尔会出现小孔（称为瘘管），形成新的尿道。这会导致尿液泄漏。在极少数情况下，会出现伤口愈合或瘢痕形成问题。这些并发症可能需要再次手术以进行修复。</p> </section> <section> <title>后续护理</title> <p>孩子术后需要去外科医生处多次复查。之后，建议您在孩子完成如厕训练后及处于青春期时，定期到孩子的儿科泌尿科医生处复诊，检查康复情况和可能的并发症。</p> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/AppointmentPreparation" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:YWDbTBHY6JVBmEnevukcqt:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>preparing for your appointment hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-prep-for-appt">就诊准备</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <conbodydiv platform="richtext"> <section> <p>大多数情况下，新生儿尿道下裂在孩子出院前就会得到诊断。尿道下裂的宝宝可能被转诊给小儿泌尿科医生。以下信息有助于您做好就诊准备。</p> </section> <section> <title>您能做些什么</title> <p>就诊前：</p> <ul> <li> <b>请家人或朋友陪同就诊</b>，这个人可以帮您记住相关信息并提供支持。</li> <li> <b>列出要向医生或其他医疗护理专业人员咨询的问题</b>。</li> </ul> <p>要咨询的问题可能包括：</p> <ul> <li>孩子是否需要接受手术？</li> <li>何时最适合接受手术？</li> <li>该手术有哪些风险？</li> <li>如果不接受手术，我的孩子会怎么样？</li> <li>此病是否会影响孩子日后的生育能力或性功能？</li> <li>我以后生育的孩子出现相同状况的可能性有多大？</li> <li>有没有可以带走的任何手册或其他印刷材料？</li> <li>您是否可以推荐一些网站？</li> </ul> <p>就诊期间，如有其他问题，您可以随时询问。</p> </section> <section> <title>医生可能会做什么</title> <p>做好准备回答婴儿医疗护理专业人员会提出的问题，例如：</p> <ul> <li>您的家族中是否还有其他人被诊断出尿道下裂？</li> <li>孩子的阴茎在勃起期间是否会向下弯曲？</li> <li>您是否注意到孩子小便时出现异常喷溅？</li> </ul> </section> </conbodydiv> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsReference contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/References" policy="did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB" reviewedOn="2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00" workId="did:mcid:Ae3GMkYbUhFyBQx1VcP8jJ:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>references hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-references">参考文献</titleSimple> </titlealts> <prolog> <footnotes> <fn>Hypospadias. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/hypospadias.html. Accessed July 3, 2024.</fn> <fn>Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Hypospadias. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.045.</fn> <fn>Ferri FF. Hypospadias. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2025. Elsevier; 2025. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 3, 2024.</fn> <fn>Kaefer M. Hypospadias. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151080.</fn> <fn>Partin AW, et al., eds. Hypospadias. In: Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.org. Accessed July 3, 2024.</fn> <fn>Kliegman RM, et al. Anomalies of the penis and urethra. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier; 2025. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 3, 2024.</fn> <fn>Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic.</fn> <fn> Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. July 26, 2024.</fn> </footnotes> </prolog> </hecsReference> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/Research" policy="" reviewedOn="" workId="did:mcid:TxH5sfqEwJbwBs7ciB9qL3:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>research hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-research">研究</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <p>小儿泌尿外科处理儿童的生殖和泌尿问题，尤其是肾脏、膀胱、尿道和生殖道的发育问题。</p> <p>妙佑医疗国际小儿泌尿外科的研究人员针对胎儿生殖系统和泌尿系统的遗传和分子变化开展研究。详细了解<xref href="https://www.mayo.edu/research/departments-divisions/department-urology/research/pediatric-urology" keyref="researchOrg-urology-pediatric" scope="external">小儿泌尿外科</xref>研究。</p> <p>请参阅美国国家医学图书馆检索服务系统 PubMed 所收录的妙佑医疗国际医生在尿道下裂领域的<xref href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=(Hypospadias%5BMesh%5D+OR+hypospadias%5BAll+Fields%5D)+AND+(55901%5BAD%5D+OR+55905%5BAD%5D+OR+32224%5BAD%5D+OR+85054%5BAD%5D+OR+85259%5BAD%5D+OR+Mayo+Clinic%5BAD%5D+OR+Mayo+Foundation%5BAD%5D+OR+Mayo+College%5BAD%5D+OR+Mayo+Medical%5BAD%5D+OR+Mayo+School%5BAD%5D)" keyref="pubMed-hypospadias" scope="external">著述目录</xref>。</p> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/CareMayoClinic" policy="" reviewedOn="" workId="did:mcid:V1fBcB8FjxJjZtHWMRHHir:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>care at mayo hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleCustom>妙佑医疗国际的尿道下裂护理</titleCustom> <titleSimple/> </titlealts> <conbody> <ul> <li> <b>经验和专业技能。</b> 妙佑医疗国际明尼苏达州院区的医生们在进行尿道下裂初次手术和复杂的后续手术方面有丰富的经验。妙佑医疗国际每年接诊大约 175 例尿道下裂儿童患者。</li> <li> <b>综合儿童住院和门诊服务。</b> <xref href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/patient-visitor-guide/minnesota/campus-buildings-maps/mayo-eugenio-litta-childrens-hospital" keyref="patientVisitorGuide-mn-eugenio-litta-childrens-center" scope="external">妙佑医疗 Eugenio Litta 儿童医院</xref>和<xref href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/departments-centers/childrens-center" keyref="org-childrens-center" scope="external">妙佑医疗国际儿童中心</xref>的专科医生们为尿道下裂患者提供全面的诊断和治疗。妙佑医疗国际可为患儿提供最先进的治疗和技术、创新的临床试验，以及充满关爱的以患者为中心的环境。</li> <li> <b>根据孩子需求量身定制团队模式。</b> 孩子将接受经过专科认证的小儿泌尿外科医生的护理。来自各个专科领域的医疗专业人员会通力合作，与您交流并制定目标，为孩子提供个性化的评估和治疗方案。</li> </ul> <fig> <desc/> <image href="https://assets.mayoclinic.org/content/dam/hecs-ccms/global/images/hil-ccgs/2026/01/27/pediatric-urology-8col-3606270_0019.jpg" placement="inline"> <alt/> </image> </fig> <multimedia href="hecs-ccms/zh_cn/HIL/conditions/g-i/hypospadias/GUID-2e2a6a57-d9f2-4569-9991-5ba3c4578432-zh_cn.dita" product="mayoclinic.org"/> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <hecsConcept contentType="http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/ExpertiseRanking" policy="" reviewedOn="" workId="did:mcid:UCMcYNTNnjYvKKErCaTQzY:2026-10-09" xml:lang="zh"> <title>expertise rankings hypospadias</title> <titlealts> <titleSimple keyref="titleSimple-expertise-and-rankings">专业技能和排名</titleSimple> </titlealts> <conbody> <p>作为一家大型儿科中心，妙佑医疗国际儿童中心的医生和外科医生非常精通于诊断和治疗各种类型的尿道下裂。我们的儿科专家采用最先进的诊治手段和最新的技术。</p> </conbody> </hecsConcept> <metadata> <hasPoCID>CON-20228088</hasPoCID> <primaryIdentifier>did:mcid:AGBtPNUqjdNjYNMHHofUpL:1.11</primaryIdentifier> <workId>did:mcid:TdspwWsgegw2D8jttJEEqf:2026-10-09</workId> <language>zh_cn</language> <publicationStatus>Done</publicationStatus> <issuedOn>2007-01-22T06:00:00.000-06:00</issuedOn> <reissuedOn>2026-09-24T00:00:00.000-05:00</reissuedOn> <mapPath>/content/dam/hecs-ccms/zh_cn/HIL/conditions/g-i/hypospadias/hypospadias.ditamap</mapPath> <manifestationID>did:mcid:NVXxk9fCB6nYyL1mXf1NsD:2026-10-13-0258</manifestationID> <seoDescription>这种状况发生在出生前。尿道口位于阴茎的下侧而不是顶端。了解治疗方法。</seoDescription> <seoUrlKeyword>hypospadias</seoUrlKeyword> <policy>did:mcid:PDkv3FCzsA4FPiHVvT1zRc;did:mcid:7AmKpSty59qW9PRkXPDxNB</policy> <reviewedOn>2024-09-12T05:00:00.000-05:00</reviewedOn> <contentType>http://ontology.mayo.edu/ContentCategories/GeneralAudienceConditionGuide</contentType> <seoTitle/> <hideAppointmentButton>false</hideAppointmentButton> <hideThirdPartyAds>false</hideThirdPartyAds> <index>true</index> </metadata> </merged>