Singer RJ, et al. Vascular malformations of the central nervous system. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 20, 2025.
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/arteriovenous-malformations-avms. Accessed Jan. 20, 2025.
Berkowitz AL, ed. Vascular diseases of the brain & spinal cord. In: Clinical Neurology & Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Approach. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill; 2022. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed Jan. 20, 2025.
McWilliams J. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: Clinical features and diagnostic evaluation in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 21, 2025.
Castillo-Rangel C, et al. Atlas of nervous system vascular malformations: A systemic review. Life. 2022; doi:10.3390/life12081199. Jan. 20, 2025.
Dhamdhere S, et al. Vascular malformations of the brain and spine in children. PM&R Knowledge NOW. https://now.aapmr.org/vascular-malformations-of-the-brain-and-spine-in-children. Accessed Jan. 20, 2025.
Ami T. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Jan. 20, 2025.
Stieg PE, et al. Radiographic Anatomy: CT/MRI/Angiography and Risks. In: Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations: Essentials for Patients and Practitioners. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com Accessed Jan. 21, 2025.
Ricciardelli AR, et al. The role and therapeutic implications of inflammation in the pathogenesis of brain arteriovenous malformations. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 20, 2025.
Azab MA, et al. Update on management of dural arteriovenous fistulas. Journal of Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs. 2022; doi:10.36013/jrdod.v3i.102. Accessed Jan. 21, 2025.
Cenzato M, et al. Complications in AVM surgery. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 2021; doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63453-7_11.