Cavernous malformations. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. http://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Cavernous-Malformations. Accessed Jan. 16, 2024.
Singer RJ, et al. Vascular malformations of the central nervous system. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Jan. 15, 2024.
Cerebral cavernous malformation information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Cerebral-Cavernous-Malformation-Information-Page. Accessed Jan. 15, 2024.
Jankovic J, et al., eds. Structural imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. In: Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2024.
Dulamea AO, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformations — An overview on genetics, clinical aspects and therapeutic strategies. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2024; doi:10.1016/j.jns.2024.123044.
Caplan LR, et al., eds. Cavernous malformations. In: Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases. Elsevier; 2017. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Jan. 15, 2024.
Akers A, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and clinical management of cavernous malformations of the brain and spinal cord: Consensus recommendations based on a systematic literature review by the alliance to cure cavernous malformation clinical advisory board experts panel. Neurosurgery. 2025; doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000003459.
Fernando PM, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformation in a child leading to a fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage — "silent but sinister:" A case report and literature review. Surgical Neurology International. 2021; doi:10.25259/SNI_248_2021.
AskMayoExpert. Cerebral vascular malformations. Mayo Clinic; 2021.
Ami TR. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Nov. 14, 2023.
Kumar S, et al. Distinguishing mimics from true hemorrhagic cavernous malformations. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.01.070.
Paddock M, et al. Pediatric cerebral cavernous malformations. Pediatric Neurology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.11.004.
Hobson N, et al. Phantom validation of quantitative susceptibility and dynamic contract-enhanced permeability MR sequences across instruments and sites. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2020; doi:10.1002/jmri.26927.
Horne MA, et al. Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: A meta-analysis of individual patient data. The Lancet. Neurology. 2016; doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00303-8.
Flemming KD, et al. Seasonal variation in hemorrhage and focal neurologic deficit due to intracerebral cavernous malformations. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2015; doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.007.
Flemming KD, et al. Cavernous malformation hemorrhagic presentation at diagnosis associated with low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level. Cerebrovascular Disease. 2020; doi:10.1159/000507789.
Snellings DA, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformation: From mechanism to therapy. Circulation Research. 2021; doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318174.
Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Jan. 30, 2024.
Adam MP, et al., eds. Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. In: GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1116. Accessed Oct. 4, 2025.
Brain basics: Know your brain. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/public-education/brain-basics/brain-basics-know-your-brain#. Accessed Jan. 10, 2024.
Flemming KD, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformation: What a practicing clinician should know. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.11.005.
Centers of excellence. Alliance to Cure Cavernous Malformation. https://www.alliancetocure.org/care-community/care/centers-of-excellence/. Accessed Jan. 19, 2024.
Neurology and neurosurgery. Cavernous malformations: 7T MRI enhances expertise. Mayo Clinic; 2024.
Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Oct. 31, 2025.