AskMayoExpert. Atrial septal defect. Mayo Clinic; 2023.
About atrial septal defect (ASD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/atrial-septal-defect.html. Accessed July 8, 2025.
How the healthy heart works. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/how-the-healthy-heart-works. Accessed July 8, 2025.
Ammash NM. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of atrial septal defects in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 8, 2025.
Atrial septal defect (ASD). American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/atrial-septal-defect-asd. Accessed July 8, 2025.
Atrial septal defect (ASD). Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/atrial-septal-defect-asd. Accessed July 8, 2025.
Overview of congenital cardiovascular anomalies. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies#v1095812. Accessed July 8, 2025.
Connolly HM, et al. Surgical and percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 8, 2025.
Harris KM. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. May 8, 2025.
Stout KK, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000603.
Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Nov. 13, 2023.
Mallet RT, et al. Impact of high altitude on cardiovascular health: Current perspectives. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2021; doi:10.2147/VHRM.S294121.