Congenital heart defects. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD). American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
Fulton DR, et al. Isolated ventricular septal defects in infants and children: Anatomy, clinical features and diagnosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
Libby P, et al., eds. Congenital heart disease in the adult and pediatric patient. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
Connolly HM, et al. Management and prognosis of ventricular septal defect in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
AskMayoExpert. Ventricular septal defect. Mayo Clinic; 2022.
Fulton DR, et al. Management of isolated ventricular septal defects in infants and children. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
Stout KK, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000603.
Wernovsky G. Ventricular septal defect. In: Anderson's Pediatric Cardiology. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
Congenital heart defects in children. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074. Accessed Aug. 5, 2022.
Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Aug. 22, 2022.