Vulvodynia

By Mayo Clinic Staff
Sept. 01, 2026
  1. Iglesia C. Vulvar pain of unknown cause (vulvodynia): Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 28, 2026.
  2. Spadt SK, et al. Vulvar pain of unknown cause (vulvodynia): Treatment. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed July 28, 2026.
  3. What is vulvodynia? National Vulvodynia Association. https://www.nva.org/what-is-vulvodynia/. Accessed April 5, 2023.
  4. FAQs: Vulvodynia. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/vulvodynia. Accessed April 5, 2023.
  5. Bergeron S, et al. Vulvodynia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020; doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0164-2.
  6. AskMayoExpert. Vulvodynia. Mayo Clinic; 2025.
  7. Self-help tips. National Vulvodynia Association. https://www.nva.org/for-patients/self-help-tips/. Accessed April 7, 2023.
  8. Medical review (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic; April 12, 2022.
  9. Goncharenko V, et al. Vaginal dryness: Individualised patient profiles, risks and mitigating measures. EPMA Journal. 2019; doi:10.1007/s13167-019-00164-3.
  10. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion No. 673: Persistent vulvar pain. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2016; doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001645. Reaffirmed 2024.