Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, known as NSAIDs

NSAIDs are most effective for mild to moderate pain that occurs with swelling, known as inflammation. These medications are commonly used for arthritis and pain resulting from muscle sprains, strains, back and neck injuries, or menstrual cramps.

• Generic (brand) names. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others); naproxen sodium (Aleve); others.
• How they work. NSAIDs work by stopping certain enzymes in your body from being released due to tissue damage. These enzymes are called cyclooxygenase (COX). NSAIDs block different types of COX, including COX-1 and COX-2. As a result, NSAIDs help reduce pain and inflammation that result from an injury.

• Benefits and risks. When taken as directed, NSAIDs are generally safe. But if you take more than the recommended dosage, NSAIDs may cause nausea, stomach pain, stomach bleeding or ulcers. Sometimes this can happen even when you take the recommended dosage.

  Large doses of NSAIDs also can lead to trouble with kidney function, fluid retention and high blood pressure. Risks increase with age. Having other health conditions such as diabetes, a history of stomach ulcers or reflux, and kidney disease also raises the risk.

• Bottom line. If you regularly take NSAIDs, talk to your health care provider. Your healthcare team can monitor you for possible side effects. NSAIDs also have a ceiling effect — a limit as to how much pain they can control. Taking more than the recommended dose may not relieve the pain and may increase the risk of serious side effects.